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Lecture 3.1

Chapter 3 discusses the history, architecture, and functions of operating systems, highlighting their evolution from early job management systems to modern multitasking and embedded systems. It covers key components such as user interfaces, kernels, and memory management, as well as the coordination of processes and security measures against external and internal threats. The chapter also outlines various operating systems, including those for smartphones and personal computers.

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2 views

Lecture 3.1

Chapter 3 discusses the history, architecture, and functions of operating systems, highlighting their evolution from early job management systems to modern multitasking and embedded systems. It covers key components such as user interfaces, kernels, and memory management, as well as the coordination of processes and security measures against external and internal threats. The chapter also outlines various operating systems, including those for smartphones and personal computers.

Uploaded by

kolasrin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER THREE

OPERATING SYSTEMS

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

• 3.1 The History of Operating Systems


• 3.2 Operating System Architecture
• 3.3 Coordinating the Machine’s Activities
• 3.4 Handling Competition Among Processes
• 3.5 Security

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Examples of Operating Systems

Windows UNIX Mac OS

Solaris
(Sun/Oracle Linux
machines)
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Smartphone Operating Systems

Apple Windows BlackBer


iOS Phone ry OS

Nokia
Google
Symbian
Android
OS
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Functions of Operating Systems
Oversee Oversee operation of computer

Store and Store and retrieve files


retrieve

Provide the user interface to request execution of


Provide programs

Coordinate Coordinate the execution of programs

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3.1 History of Operating Systems

• Each program is called a “job”


• Early computers required significant setup time
• Each “job” required its own setup
• Operating Systems began as systems for simplifying
setup and transitions between jobs

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3.1 History of Operating Systems

• Batch processing (job queue)


• Interactive processing (real time)
• Time-sharing (one machine, many users)
• Multitasking (one user, many tasks)
• Multiprocessor machines (load balancing)
• Embedded Systems (specific devices)

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Figure 3.1 Batch processing

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Figure 3.2 Interactive processing

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3.2 Operating System Architecture

Applicati • Performs specific tasks for users


on (productivity, games, software
development)
software
• Provides infrastructure for
System application software
• Consists of operating system and
software utility software

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Figure 3.3 Software classification

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Operating System Components

• User Interface: Communicates with users


– Text based (Shell)
– Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Kernel: Performs basic required functions
– File manager
– Device drivers
– Memory manager
– Scheduler and dispatcher
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Figure 3.4 The user interface acts as an
intermediary between users and the operating
system’s kernel

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File Manager

Directory (or Folder): A user-created bundle of files


and other directories (subdirectories)

Directory Path: A sequence of directories within


directories

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Memory Manager

• Allocates space in main memory


• May create the illusion that the machine has more
memory than it actually does (virtual memory) by
playing a “shell game” in which blocks of data (pages)
are shifted back and forth between main memory and
mass storage

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Getting it Started (Bootstrapping)

• Boot loader: Program in ROM (example of firmware)


– Run by the CPU when power is turned on
– Transfers operating system from mass storage to
main memory
– Executes jump to operating system

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Figure 3.5 The booting process

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3.3 Coordinating the Machine’s Activities

An operating system coordinates the execution of


application software, utility software, and units within the
operating system itself.

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The Concept of a Process

• Process: The activity of executing a program


• Process State: Current status of the activity
– Program counter
– General purpose registers
– Related portion of main memory

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Process Administration

Scheduler: Adds new processes to the process table and


removes completed processes from the process table

Dispatcher: Controls the


The end of a time slice is signaled
allocation of time slices to the by an interrupt.
processes in the process table

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Figure 3.6 Multiprogramming
between process A and process B

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Deadlock

• Processes block each other from continuing because


each is waiting for a resource that is allocated to
another
• Conditions required for deadlock
1. Competition for non-sharable resources
2. Resources requested on a partial basis
3. An allocated resource can not be forcibly retrieved
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Figure 3.7 A deadlock resulting from competition
for nonshareable railroad intersections

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3.5 Security

• Attacks from outside


– Problems
• Insecure passwords
• Sniffing software
– Counter measures
• Auditing software

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Security (continued)

• Attacks from within


• Problem: A process that gains access to memory
outside its designated area
• Counter measures: Control process activities via
privilege levels and privileged instructions

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Thank you

Dr AlRAWI​ musabalrawi@halic www.halic.edu.tr


.edu.tr

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