DATABASE PRESENTANTION

Describe types of database , advantages and disadvantages and their

Common uses in the community.
 THE MEANING OF DATABASE.

Database; A database constitutes a collection of data

stored within a computer system. It serves as a pivotal
tool for individuals, including professionals, to manage
records such as client information by storing data on
their computers. Computers efficiently organize and
store significant data within databases, enabling
structured and easily searchable storage . Database
provide difference advantages to the user among of
that is to provide data security to the users and also
large volume of data can be stored and it very easy to
operate and organize all stored data.
Database have difference types which provide some differences among of
each database . The following are types of the database with their advantages
and disadvantages and their common uses of each database type to the
society.

TYPES OF DATABASE WITH ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

AND COMMON USES.
 01:CENTRALIZED DATABASE.
A centralized database is basically a type of database that is
stored, located as well as maintained at a single location and it is
more secure when the user wants to fetch the data from the
Centralized Database. It is the type of database that stores data at a
centralized database system. It comforts the users to access the
stored data from different locations through several applications.
These applications contain the authentication process to let users
access data securely. An example of a Centralized database can be
Central Library that carries a central database of each library in a
college/university.

SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF CENTRAZED DATABASE.

•
 ADVANTAGES OF CENTRALIZED DATABASE.

 The risk of data management has been minimized because

the essential data won’t be impacted by data modification.
 As it handles data in a central repository, data consistency is
preserved.
 Better data quality is provided, allowing businesses to set
data standards.
 Because fewer providers are needed to manage the data
sets, it is less expensive.
 DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRALIZED DATABASE.

 The centralized database’s size contributes to a longer

response time while retrieving data.
 Updating such a large database system is difficult.
 The loss of all data in the event of a server failure might be
enormous.
• Access speed is limited by network speed .The central computer is a single
point of failure, if the computer experiences downtime, users will not be
able to access any data.
 COMMON USES OF CENTRALIZED DATABASE.
• They can be used by small businesses or large enterprises . These are used for
strong customer information , inventory data, financial records .
• Used by different organizations to store data that is shared by many users.
• Used in security systems . Where by centralized database can implement
robust security measures to control access and protect sensitive information
from unauthorized users.
02:RELATIONAL DATABASE .
A relational database ;It is most commonly used database type. It uses
tables to store data and relations between the tables are defined by primary
and foreign keys. In this database, every piece of information has
a relationship with every other piece of information. This is on
account of every data value in the database having a unique
identity in the form of a record.
Note that all data is tabulated in this model. Therefore,
every row of data in the database is linked with another row
using a primary key. Similarly, every table is linked with
another table using a foreign key.

SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF RELATIONAL DATABASE.

 ADVANTAGES OFRELATIONAL DATABASE.

•Simplicity of Model ; In contrast to other types of database models, the

relational database model is much simpler, It does not require any complex
queries because it has no query processing or structuring so simple SOL
queries are enough to handle.
•Ease to use ; Users can easily access/retrieve their required information
within seconds without indulging into complexity of the database. Structured
Query Language. (SQL) is used to execute the complex queries of the users.
•Accuracy ; A key feature of relational databases is that they’re strictly defined
and well- organized, so data doesn’t get duplicated. Relational databases have
accuracy because of their structure with no data duplication.
•Data integrity ; RDBMS databases are also widely used for data integrity as
they provide consistency across all tables. The data integrity ensures the
features like accuracy and ease of use.
•Normalization ; Database normalization also ensures that a relational
database has no variety or variance in its structure and can be manipulated
accurately. This ensures that integrity is maintained when using data from this
database for your business decisions
•Security ; Data is secure as Relational Database Management System allows
only authorized users to direct access the data. No unauthorized user can
access the information.
 DISADVANTAGES OF RELATION DATABASE.
• Maintenance problems ; The maintenance of the relational database becomes
difficult over time due to increase in the data. Developers and programmers
have to spend a lot of time in maintaining the database.
•Cost ; The relational database system is costly to set up and maintain. The initial
cost of the software alone can be quite pricey for smaller businesses, but it gets.
Worse when you factor in hiring a professional technician who must also have
expertise with that specific kind of program.
•Physical storage ; A relational database is comprised of rows and columns,
which requires a lot of physical memory because each operation performed
depends on a separate storage. The requirements of the physical memory
may increase over time along with the increase of the data
•Lack of Scalability ; As the database becomes larger or more distributed with
a greater number of servers, this will have negative effects like latency and
availability issues affecting overall performance.
•Decrease in performance over time ; When there is a large number of tables
and data in the system, it causes an increase in complexity. It can lead to slow
response times from queries or even complete failure for them depending on
how many people are logged into the Server at any given time.

COMMON USES OF THE RELATIONAL DATABASE.

• . Customer Relationship Management: Relational databases can be used to
capture and manage customer data, including contact information, transaction
history, and customer preferences.
• . Human Resources Management: A relational database can be used to manage
employee data, such as salary, benefits, performance evaluations, and training.
• . Healthcare Management: Relational databases can be used to manage patient
information, including medical histories, treatment plans, and insurance
information.
• Banking Systems: Relational databases are the backbone of many banking
systems, handling transactions, account balances, and customer data.
• Supply Chain Management: Relational databases can be used to manage the
flow of goods and services through a supply chain, including inventory levels,
logistics, and scheduling.
02:NoSQL DATABASE

NoSQL Database This is type of database is designed to handle

unstructured or semi-structured data , making it suitable for handling large
scale data models .NoSQL database eschew the rigid structure of traditional
database and provide horizontal scalability and high availability.
DIAGRAM OF NoSQL.
 ADVANTAGES OF NoSQL DATABASE.
o It enables good productivity in the application development
as it is
o not required to store data in a structured format.
o It is a better option for managing and handling large data
sets.
o It provides high scalability.
o Users can quickly access data from the database through
key-value.
 DISADVANTAGES OF NoSQL DATABASE.

 NoSQL is an open-source database.

 GUI is not available
 Backup is a weak point for some NoSQL
databases like MongoDB.
 Large document size.
 COMMON USES OF NoSQL.
•Big data analysis: NoSQL databases are designed to handle large amounts of data with ease and are
ideal for analyzing complex data sets that are too large for traditional databases.
•Real-time web applications: NoSQL databases are great for real-time web applications that require a
fast response time and high availability. They are particularly useful for applications that have large
volumes of data that need to be processed quickly.
•Mobile applications: Mobile applications typically generate a lot of data, and NoSQL databases are a
great choice for storing and handling this data. They are particularly useful for mobile applications
that need to run offline or have poor network connectivity.
•Content management systems: Many content management systems, such as WordPress, use NoSQL
databases as their backend. NoSQL databases provide a scalable and flexible solution for managing
and storing large amounts of content.
•Internet of Things (IoT): As the IoT becomes more prevalent, NoSQL databases are becoming
increasingly important for handling the vast amounts of data generated by connected devices. NoSQL
databases are particularly useful for IoT applications that require high scalability and low latency.
03:HIERARCHICAL DATABASE.
Hierarchical database in this type of database ,data is organization in
A tree-like structure , with parent-child relationships between records. , this
database follows the progression of data being categorized in
ranks or levels, wherein data is categorized based on a
common point of linkage. As a result, two entities of data will
be lower in rank and the commonality would assume a higher
rank. Refer to the diagram below:
 ADVANTAGES OF HIERARCHICAL DATABASE.

•Scalability: Hierarchical databases are highly scalable and can

achieve a great deal of scalability in handling huge amounts of data.
•Reduced Data Redundancy: With the hierarchical model, it’s easy to
create and manage data, there is a reduced need to duplicate data.
•Reduced Network Traffic: The hierarchical model allows the records
to be retrieved quickly, which reduces network traffic.
•Easy to Use: The hierarchical model is easy to use and user-friendly.
 DISADVANTAGES OF HIERARCHIAL DATABASE.

•Limited Flexibility: The hierarchical model is not flexible, which limits its ability
to accommodate changes in data structures or additions of new data.
•Difficult to Maintain: As the database grows, it becomes increasingly difficult
to maintain its hierarchy.
•Data Retrieval: Data retrieval in the hierarchical model can be slow and
inefficient, especially when dealing with complex relationships between data.
•Difficulty in Querying: Querying the hierarchical model can be a difficult task
because of its complex structure.
 COMMON USES OF HIERARCHICAL DATABASE.
•Inventory Management – In industries such as manufacturing or distribution, hierarchical
databases are often used to manage inventory levels. Each product type would be assigned
a parent record, underneath which records for individual units are nested.
•Employee records – many organizations use hierarchical databases to manage their
employees’ performance evaluations, performance management records, salaries, and
benefits.
•School Systems- Hierarchical databases are used by schools in maintaining the student’s
academic data, including grades, attendance, and various other academic activities that the
student is a part of.
•File Systems – Some hierarchical database systems are designed solely for file storage and
retrieval purposes. They allow the organizations to store and organize documents according
to the nature of the document.
04:CLOUD DATABASE
• Cloud database is atype of database where data is stored
in a virtual environment and executes over the cloud
computing platform. It provides users with various cloud
computing services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) for accessing the
database. There are numerous cloud platforms, but the best
options are:
o Amazon Web Services(AWS)
o Microsoft Azure
o Kamatera
o PhonixNAP
o ScienceSoft
o Google Cloud SQL, etc.
 ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD DATABASE.
•Scalability: Cloud databases can easily scale up or down based on the needs of
the business.
•Accessibility: Cloud databases can be accessed from anywhere in the world as
long as there is an internet connection.
•Cost-effective: Cloud databases reduce infrastructure costs since there is no
need to invest in servers, software, or hardware.
•Data Security: Cloud databases provide greater data security than in-house
databases since they are protected by advanced security features and backups.
•Automatic Backups: Cloud databases automatically backup data at frequent
intervals, so it is more secure and easy to recover in case of data loss.
 DISADVANTAGES OF CLOUD DATABASE.
•Dependence on Internet Connectivity: Cloud databases depend on internet connectivity
for users to access or update information. Slow or unreliable internet can affect database
management and operations.
•Security Risks: The Cloud database is available to anyone with an internet connection, so it
is vulnerable to hacking attempts and malware attacks.
•Privacy Concerns: Storing personal data on cloud databases raises concerns about privacy
and data ownership.
•Limited Control: Cloud databases are managed by the service providers, which limits
control over database updates, application updates and system configuration.
•Subscription model: In cloud databases, service providers charge subscription fees that
increase with growing demands in storage, bandwidth, or usage, which can be expensive for
small businesses.
 COMMON USES OF CLOUD DATABASE.
• Data storage and backup: Managing large amounts of data has become easier with cloud
databases. Companies store their data in the cloud and access it remotely. The cloud
database backup is a go-to solution for many companies that want to secure their data and
keep it safe from viruses and malware.
•Analytical processing: The cloud database is beneficial in data analytics as it offers the
ability to quickly process large volumes of data. A company can use this data to make better
business decisions that can improve operations and increase profits.
•Collaboration: Cloud databases allow multiple users to collaborate on projects, where they
can share data and information. Companies can work on a project together, even when
located in different parts of the world, as they can access the same database remotely.
• E-commerce: Online businesses use cloud databases to manage customer information
and transactions. The cloud database can also store transaction histories, inventory
details, customer data and other valuable information.
05:OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE.
Object oriented database This is type of database which store data in
form of objects , which consist of data and methods that manipulate that data
.Object oriented database are often used to support complex data structures.

EXAMPLE OF DIAGRAM OF OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE

 ADVANTAGES OF OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE.
•Ease of use: OODBs are designed in such a way that they are easy to use and maintain.
Their structure mirrors that of object-oriented programming, which many developers are
already familiar with.
•Capability for complex data structures: OODBs can store highly complex data structures,
like graphic objects, multimedia data, and parts of software applications.
•Flexibility: Object-oriented databases are highly flexible and can easily be modified to
incorporate new features or changes to the existing data.
•More efficient queries: Object-oriented databases often result in more efficient queries
than their relational counterparts, which can increase overall performance and speed.
• Better handling of complex data relationships: Object-oriented databases are better suited
for handling complex data relationships, such as those found in hierarchical and network
data models
 DISADVANTAGES OF OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE.
•Lack of standardization: One major disadvantage of OODBs is the lack of standardization,
which makes it difficult for software developers to create interoperable software.
•Cost: OODBs can be more expensive to implement and maintain than their relational
counterparts due to the need for specialized hardware and software.
•Incompatibility: OODBs may be incompatible with other systems, which can limit their
usefulness in certain contexts.
•Limited support: OODBs have limited support and adoption in the industry, which can
make it difficult to find experts who can help with implementation and maintenance.
•Object creation overhead: The process of creating and managing objects in an OODB can
be more complex and time-consuming than working with relational data.
 COMMON USES OF OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE.
•Multimedia: OODBs are used to store and manage multimedia data like audio, video, and images. Examples
include digital media content providers, online photo galleries, or video streaming platforms.
•Industrial Automation: OODBs are used to store and manage complex data structures in industrial
automation systems, such as assembly lines or robotic systems.
•Geographical Information Systems (GIS): OODBs are used to store and manage geographical data, including
maps, coordinates, routes, and other location-related information. Examples include map applications and
traffic management.
•Software Development: OODBs are used in software development, especially in Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP), to store and manage code objects, inheritance, and polymorphism.
•Artificial Intelligence (AI): OODBs are used in AI applications where complex, structured data is processed and
analyzed. Examples include natural language processing, machine learning, or robotics.
•Finance: OODBs are used in finance to store and manage complex financial data, including portfolios,
securities, and derivatives.
•Medical and Healthcare: OODBs are used in healthcare applications, including electronic health records
(EHRs), medical imagery, and patient history.
06:GRAPH DATABASE .
Graph database are designed to stores data that has complex
relationships to between entities ,such as social networks or recommendation
engines. Data is stored in nodes and edges, and users can query and manipulate
the data based on those connections.
EXAMPLE OF DIAGRAM OF GRAPH DATABASE
 ADVANTAGES OF GRAPH DATAASE.
•Flexibility: Graph databases offer the flexibility to change and evolve data structures
without having to change the entire model or schema. This enables organizations to easily
adapt to changing business needs.
•High Performance: Graph databases allow for faster data traversal and retrieval since they
store data in a manner that is optimized for relationships.
•Scalability: Graph databases can easily scale to meet growing data needs and can handle
complex queries across vast amounts of data.
•Natural Representation of Data: They are good at representing complex and
interconnected data relationships in a natural way.
•Data Integrity: Graph databases ensure data integrity by enforcing constraints and
relationships between entities and vertices.
 DISADVANTAGES OF GRAPH DATABASE.
•Complexity: Graph databases can be more complex to set up and manage than other
database types.
•Limited Adoption: Graph databases are still relatively new and not as widely used as more
traditional relational or NoSQL databases.
•Limited Tooling: The ecosystem of tools and resources for working with graph databases is
still developing, which means not as much support is available when compared to more
established database systems.
•Limited Querying Capabilities: Although graph databases are good at answering complex
questions regarding relationships, querying outside of the graph structure is limited
compared to other types of databases.
•Cost: Some graph databases can be expensive to adopt and maintain compared to other
types of databases.
 COMMON USES OF GRAPH DATABASE.

•Social Networks: Graph databases are extensively used in social networking and
recommendation systems to define relationships, like friends, comments, likes, and group
members.
•Fraud Detection: Graph databases are helpful in fraud detection by analyzing connections
between transactions, account holders, and other variables.
•Logistics and Transportation: Graph databases are useful in tracking shipments, optimizing
supply chain management, and identifying routes, roads, and traffic.
•Knowledge Management: Graph databases are perfect for storing and utilizing knowledge
management systems to define relationships between topics, ideas, and people
07:DISTRIBUTED DATABASE.
Distributed database are databases that are stored across multiple
computers or nodes in a network. The data in a distributed database is divided
into small portions and stored on different nodes, providing increased
scalability and fault tolerance. This allows for faster data access, improved data
redundancy and availability, and better load management. It also allows for the
use of distributed query processing techniques, where queries can be executed
on different nodes simultaneously to reduce response.
SIMPLE DIAGRAM TO SHOW DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
 ADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE.
•Improved availability: In a distributed database, data is stored in multiple locations.
Therefore, if one location fails, the data can still be accessed from other locations. This
improves the availability of data.
•Better performance: Distributed databases allow data to be stored closer to the
geographical location where it is used. This reduces the time taken to access data, thereby
improving performance.
•Scalability: Distributed databases allow for easy scaling of database resources. New nodes
can be added to the network, which increases processing power and storage capacity.
•Reduced data duplication: In a distributed database system, data can be shared among
multiple applications. This reduces data duplication and improves data consistency.
 DISADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE.
•Complexity: Distributed databases are complex systems that require careful
planning and management. They require more resources, such as hardware
and software, to maintain.
•Increased network traffic: Distributed databases require data to be
transferred over a network. This can lead to increased network traffic, which
can affect performance.
•Higher costs: Distributed databases require higher costs due to the need for
additional hardware, software, and maintenance.
•Security risks: Distributing data across multiple locations increases the risk of
security breaches. Unauthorized access to data can have serious
consequences, such as loss of confidential information or financial loss.
 COMMON USES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE.
•Online shopping: Distributed databases are commonly used in e-commerce applications to
store product catalogs, customer information, and purchase history data across multiple
servers. This allows for faster retrieval of data, reduces the risk of data loss, and helps to
ensure reliability and availability of the system.
•Healthcare systems: Healthcare institutions such as hospitals, clinics, and labs are
increasingly utilizing distributed databases to store and manage medical records, test
results, and other health-related information. This allows for improved data sharing,
enhanced security, and faster access to patient information.
• Financial systems: Distributed databases are used in financial institutions to store
information about accounts, transactions, and customer data. This allows for faster
processing times, improved fraud detection, and reduces the risk of data breaches