NATION INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY (CCT)

PROGRAMME : BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (BCS)

LECTURER : EXAUD KITOMARY
SUBMISSION DATE: 8/1/2025
 GROUP 6 - BCS
S/No NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

1. DAUD BENJAMINI BUYUNGU NIT/BCS/2022/412

2. MAVEN DAVID LUPALA NIT/BCS/2022/447

3. SHABANI ADAMU IYAI NIT/BCS/2022/435

4. JUMAA YAHAYA JUMAA NIT/BCS/2022/418

5. YUSRA ABDULBASTWA SAID NIT/BCS/2022/406

6. RASULI MAULID ABDALAH NIT/BCS/2022/408

7. NAJIATH MAULID KITERY NIT/BCS/2022/430

8. PATRICK REVOCATUS NIT/BCS/2022/476

9. SEBASTIAN NIONE KAILI NIT/BCS/2022/482

10. KELVIN ALFRED NGONYANI NIT/BCS/2020/300

 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
An activity diagram ;
is a type of diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) that
represents the flow of activities in a system. It visually describes
the sequence of actions or operations and is used to model
workflows, processes, or algorithms.
• An activity diagram starts from an initial point and ends at a
final point, showing different decision paths along the way.
 KEY FEATURES
1. Initial State
• Represents the initial action state or the start point
for any activity diagram
• It is presented by Black filled circle
2. Action or Activity State
• An activity represents execution of an action on objects or by
objects. Basically any action or event that takes place is
represented using an activity.
• We represent an activity using a rectangle with rounded
corners.
3. Action Flow or Control flows
• Action flows or Control flows are also referred to as paths
and edges. They are used to show the transition from one
activity state to another activity state.
• We use a line with an arrow head to depict a Control Flow.
4. Decision node
• When we need to make a decision before deciding the flow
of control, we use the decision node. The outgoing arrows
from the decision node can be labelled with conditions or
guard expressions. It always includes two or more output
arrows.
• We use Diamond to represent a decision node
5. Fork Node
• Fork node is used to split a single incoming flow into multiple
concurrent flows
• we use a fork node when both the activities get executed
concurrently i.e. no decision is made before splitting the
activity into two parts.
• We use a solid rectangular bar to represent a Fork notation
with incoming arrow from the parent activity state and
outgoing arrows towards the newly created activities
6. Join node
• Join nodes are used to join multiple concurrent activities (or
flow) into one.
• We use a solid rectangular bar to represent a join notation
with two or more incoming edges and one outgoing edge.
7. Merge or Merge Event
• Scenarios arise when activities which are not being executed
concurrently have to be merged. We use the merge notation
for such scenarios. We can merge two or more activities into
one if the control proceeds onto the next activity irrespective
of the path chosen.
In the diagram below: we can’t have both sides executing concurrently,
but they finally merge into one. A number can’t be both odd and even
at the same time.
9. Swimlanes
• We use Swimlanes for grouping related activities in one column.
Swimlanes group related activities into one column or one row.
Swimlanes can be vertical and horizontal. Swimlanes are used to add
modularity to the activity diagram. It is not mandatory to use
swimlanes. They usually give more clarity to the activity diagram
Here different set of activities are executed based on if the
number is odd or even. These activities are grouped into a
swimlane.
9. Time Event
• This refers to an event that stops the flow for a time; We can
have a scenario where an event takes some time to be
completed.
• An hourglass is used to represent a time event.
Let us assume that the processing of an image takes a lot of
time. Then it can be represented as shown below.
10. Final State or End State
The state which the system reaches when a particular process
or activity ends is known as a Final State or End State.
We use a filled circle nested inside another circle to represent
the final state.
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTION
• Consider the online banking system, draw the activity
diagram?
Advantages of activity diagram
• Clear Workflow Representation:
It visually shows the step-by-step process, making it easy to
understand the flow of actions, decisions, and outcomes in the online
banking system.
• Identifies Decision Points:
Highlights critical decision points, such as authentication and fund
validation, ensuring that logical conditions are clear.
• Improved Communication:
Provides a common language for stakeholders, developers, and
designers to discuss and refine system functionality.
• User-Centric Design:
Focuses on user interactions and system responses, ensuring a
smooth user experience.
• Error Handling:
Shows alternate paths, such as retrying login or handling insufficient funds,
ensuring robustness in the system.
• Improved System Design:
Helps identify redundancies, inefficiencies, or missing steps in the process, which
can optimize the workflow.
• Scalability and Modularity:
Breaks down complex processes into manageable parts, making it easier to add
or modify features in the future.
• Documentation:
Serves as a reference for system requirements, ensuring that developers
implement all necessary features.
• Testing and Validation:
Helps in creating test cases and validating that the system behaves as expected
under different scenarios.
Disadvantages of activity diagram
• Complexity for Large Systems
For detailed systems like online banking, activity diagrams become
too crowded, making them hard to understand.
Example: A diagram showing login, balance check, fund transfer,
and logout together may overwhelm readers.
• Limited Representation
It focuses on the sequence of activities but doesn’t capture details
like data flow, object states, or system architecture.
Example: A diagram can show “Validate User,” but it won’t detail
how the database query or encryption is handled.
Disadvantages of activity diagram
• Time-Consuming to Create
Detailed diagrams with every possible path and decision can take
significant effort, especially for a complex workflow.
Example: For an online banking system, including all error-
handling paths (like timeout or incorrect input) requires extra time.
• Static Representation
It shows workflows but not how real-time interactions or external
systems might dynamically influence the process.
Example: A diagram can depict a fund transfer, but it cannot
dynamically reflect delays caused by network issues.
THANK YOU