Learning

Principles and
Theories
Lesson 3
 Subtopics

Introduction to learning theories and

principles.

Applying learning theories and

principles to instructional design
 • Understand key
Intended learning theories
and principles.
Learning • Apply learning
theories to design
Outcom effective
es instructional
activities.
• Evaluate
instructional
activities based on
 Introduction to learning
theories and principles
Understanding how people learn is
important for creating meaningful and
effective educational experiences.
Learning theories help us make sense of
how people take in, process, and
remember new information. These
frameworks show us that learning is
influenced not just by cognitive
processes, but also by emotions, the
environment, and personal experiences.

By using these insights in instructional

design, we can create lessons and
activities that connect with learners on a
deeper level, making education more
Learning theories and principles related
to technology in education include key
framework:
TPACK Framework:

This framework emphasizes the

integration of Technological,
Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge
(TPACK). Effective teaching requires
a balance of these three areas to
enhance student learning through
technology. These are behaviorism,
cognitivism, and constructivism.
 1. Behaviorism
This theory focuses on observable
behaviors and disregards mental
activities. Learning is viewed as a
change in behavior due to external
stimuli. Key Contributors:
• B.F. Skinner emphasized operant
conditioning, where behavior is shaped by
reinforcement or punishment.

• John B. Watson, known as the father of

behaviorism, highlighted the importance
of environmental influences on behavior.
 2. Cognitivism

This theory emphasizes the

role of the mind in learning.
It looks at how information
is received, organized,
stored, and retrieved by the
mind. Cognitivism studies
the mental processes
involved in learning, such
as thinking, memory,
 Key Contributors:
• Jean Piaget developed stages of
cognitive development, emphasizing
how children actively construct their
understanding.

• Jerome Bruner introduced the idea

of discovery learning, where learners
build knowledge by exploring and
solving problems.
• Albert Bandura introduced the
Social Learning Theory, emphasizing
that learning occurs through
observation, imitation, and modeling,
and highlighted the importance of
self-efficacy and reciprocal
 3. Constructivism
This theory posits that learners construct
their own understanding and knowledge
of the world through experiences and
reflecting on those experiences.
Key Contributors:

• Lev Vygotsky- highlighted the social

aspects of learning, introducing the
concept of the Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD).
 Key Contributors:

• Jean Piaget emphasized the

importance of hands-on, active
learning and the idea that
learners construct knowledge
based on their experiences.

• Jerome Bruner introduced the

concept of discovery learning,
where learners actively construct
new ideas based on their current
and past knowledge.
 4. Social Learning Theory

•Developed by Albert
Bandura.
•Emphasizes learning through
observation, imitation, and
modeling.
•Key concepts include the
idea of self-efficacy and the
role of vicarious
reinforcement.
 5. Humanistic Learning
Theory:
•Focuses on personal growth
and the development of an
individual's potential.

•Key proponents include

Abraham Maslow and Carl
Rogers.

•Emphasizes the importance of

self-actualization and the
learner's personal experiences
and emotions.
 6. Connectivism
•A modern learning theory for
the digital age, developed by
George Siemens and Stephen
Downes.

•Suggests that learning occurs

across a network of connections
and is facilitated by technology.

•Emphasizes the importance of

social and cultural context and
the role of digital networks.
 7. Experiential Learning
Theory
• Developed by David Kolb.
• Proposes that learning is a
process whereby knowledge is
created through the
transformation of experience.

• Involves a four-stage cycle:

concrete experience, reflective
observation, abstract
conceptualization, and active
experimentation.
Applying Learning Theories
and Principles to
Instructional Design
Instructional design involves
creating educational
experiences that make the
acquisition of knowledge and
skill more efficient and
effective. Applying learning
theories to instructional
design helps tailor the
educational experience to the
learner's needs.
1. Behaviorism in Instructional
Design

•Use clear, measurable

objectives.
•Provide regular feedback and
reinforcement.
•Structure tasks in a step-by-
step, linear fashion.
•Use of reinforcement and
feedback to shape learner
behavior. Drill and practice
exercises are common
techniques.
 Examples:

a) Computer-based
training programs that
provide immediate
feedback on performance.

b) Drill-and-practice
software that provides
immediate feedback and
rewards correct
 Examples:

In a classroom setting, a
teacher uses positive
reinforcement like praise or
rewards to encourage
students to participate
actively in class discussions.
By reinforcing desired
behaviors, the teacher is
applying behaviorist principles
to enhance student
2.Cognitivism in Instructional
Design
• Organize information in a logical,
meaningful way.
• Use scaffolding to build on prior
knowledge.
• Encourage the use of mnemonic
devices and other memory aids.
• Focus on structuring content in a
way that aligns with the learner’s
cognitive processes. Techniques
include chunking information and
using analogies.
 Examples:

a) Instructional materials that

scaffold learning by breaking
down complex tasks into
manageable steps.

b) Concept mapping tools that

help learners organize and
relate information
 Examples:

A learning module for a science

class is designed to help
students understand complex
concepts through problem-
solving activities. By engaging
students in critical thinking
tasks that require them to
process and apply new
information, the instructional
 3. Constructivism in
Instructional Design

• Design activities that promote

active learning and discovery.
• Facilitate collaborative learning
and peer teaching.
• Provide opportunities for learners
to reflect on their experiences.
• Design of learning environments
that promote exploration,
experimentation, and problem-
solving. Emphasis on real-world
tasks and collaborative learning.
 Examples:

a.) Project-based learning

where students work on real-
life projects in collaborative
groups.
b.) Problem-based learning
environments where learners
work in groups to solve
complex, real-world
problems.
 Examples:

In a group project assignment,

students are tasked with
researching a topic, collaborating
with peers, and presenting their
findings to the class. This hands-
on, experiential learning
approach aligns with
constructivist theory by
emphasizing active participation,
social interaction, and the
 4. Social Learning in
Instructional Design:

• Incorporates group
work, peer learning,
and collaborative
projects.
• Utilizes role models
and mentors.
5. Humanistic Approaches in
Instructional Design

• Focuses on learner-
centered education.
• Encourages self-
directed learning and
personal goal setting.
 6. Connectivism in
Instructional Design:

• Integrates digital tools

and social media to
create a networked
learning environment.
• Promotes the use of
online communities and
resources for learning.
7. Experiential Learning in
Instructional Design

• Uses hands-on
learning activities and
real-world problem-
solving.

• Encourages
reflection on
 LET US MEASURE YOUR
UNDERSTANDING!
LEARNING
HOW TO APPLY IN
THEORIES AND KEY IDEAS
THE CLASSROOM?
PRINCIPLES

Use quizzes,
Learning is a result
rewards, and
of conditioning; use
Behaviorism consequences to
of reinforcement
reinforce correct
and punishment.
behavior.

Learning by building
Constructivism knowledge from ?
experience.

Learning through Break lessons into

? organizing small chunks, use
information. visuals and practice.
 LEARNING
HOW TO APPLY IN
THEORIES AND KEY IDEAS
THE CLASSROOM?
PRINCIPLES

Learning through Use peer teaching,

? observing others discussions, and
and interacting. role-playing.

Encourage self-
Learning through
reflection, goal-
? personal growth and
setting, and choice
motivation.
in activities.

Use hands-on
Experiential activities, projects,
?
Learning and real-world
applications.
Leader: Veronica Shane Genoguin
Members: Benjamin Dohinog
Rejie Encio
Rodz Espijo
Jomar Gacosta