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DC - Lecture 8 (1)

The document discusses transmission impairments in data communication, highlighting issues such as attenuation, delay distortion, and noise that affect signal quality. Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength, which can be measured in decibels (dB), while delay distortion occurs when different frequency components of a signal arrive at different times. Noise is identified as a major limiting factor in communication systems, categorized into thermal noise, intermodulation noise, crosstalk, and impulse noise.

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MASTER JII
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10 views

DC - Lecture 8 (1)

The document discusses transmission impairments in data communication, highlighting issues such as attenuation, delay distortion, and noise that affect signal quality. Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength, which can be measured in decibels (dB), while delay distortion occurs when different frequency components of a signal arrive at different times. Noise is identified as a major limiting factor in communication systems, categorized into thermal noise, intermodulation noise, crosstalk, and impulse noise.

Uploaded by

MASTER JII
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA COMMUNICATION

TRANSMISSION
IMPAIRMENTS
• Transmission media are not perfect

• Cause Signal impairments

• Signal sent is not the same as the signal received


 Consequences

1.For a digital signal, there may occur bit errors.


2.For analog signals, these impairments degrade the quality of
the signals.

 Most significant impairments are


 Attenuation and attenuation distortion
 Delay distortion
 Noise
TYPE 1:
ATTENUATION
ATTENUATION
 Here attenuation Means loss of energy that is the weaker signal.
 Whenever a signal transmitted through a medium it loses its
energy, so that it can overcome by the resistance of the medium.
 That is why a wire carrying electrical signals gets warm, if not hot,
after a while. Some of the electrical energy is converted to heat in the
signal.
 Amplifiers are used to amplify the signals to compensate for this loss.
 This figure shows the effect of attenuation and amplification:
ATTENUATION
 A signal has lost or gained its strength, for this purpose engineers use
the concept of decibel(dB).
 Decibel is used to measure the relative strengths of two signals or a signal
at two different points.’

 If a signal is attenuated then dB is negative and if a signal is


amplified so the db is positive.

Attenuation(dB) = 10log10(P2/P1)

where P2 and P1 are the power of a signal at points1 and 2.


ATTENUATION
Received signal
strength must be:
Equalize • Strong
attenuation
across the band enough to be
of frequencies detected
used by using • Sufficiently
loading coils or higher than
amplifiers noise to be
received
without error

Strength can be
increased using
amplifiers or
repeaters
DECIBEL**
 Decibel is used to measure the relative strengths of two
signals or a signal at two different points.

 The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to measure sound level. It


is also widely used in electronics, signals and communication.
 The dB is a logarithmic way of describing a ratio. The ratio may be power,
sound pressure, voltage or intensity or several other things

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dy7V517NfqQ
Example 3.29
Sometimes the decibel is used to measure signal power in milliwatts. In this case, it
is referred to as dBm and is calculated as dBm = 10 log10(Pm), where Pm is the
power in milliwatts.

(1)-- Calculate the power of a signal if its dBm = −30.

Solution
We can calculate the power in the signal as
DECIBEL FORMULA
 For power

 For voltage
 P ∝ V2
EXAMPLE - 01

Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and its power is


reduced to one half.
This means that P2 = 0.5 P1. In this case, the attenuation (loss of power) can
be calculated as
Attenuation(dB) = 10log10(P2/P1)

= 10log10(P2/P1)
= 10 log 10(0.5 P1/P1)
= 10 log 10 (0.5) = -3
A LOSS of 3 dB (−3 dB) is equivalent to losing one-half the power.
EXAMPLE - 02

 A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is increased 10 times.


This means that P2 = 10P1.
 In this case, the amplification (gain of power) can be calculated as

Attenuation(dB) = 10log10(P2/P1)
ACTIVITY - 01
 A transmission channel between two DTEs is made up of three
section.
 The first introduces an attenuation of 16 dB, the second an
amplification of 20 dB, and the third an attenuation of 10 dB.
 Assuming a mean transmitted power level of 400 mW,
determine the mean output power of the channel.
Activity - 01
TYPE 2:
DELAY DISTORTION
DELAY DISTORTION
If a signal changes its form or shape, it is referred to as distortion.
 Occurs in transmission cables such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical
fiber
 Does not occur when signals are transmitted through the air by means of antennas

 Distortion occurs in these composite signals.


 Each component of frequency has its propagation speed traveling through a
medium
 Different components have different delay in arriving at the final
destination.
 It means that signals have different phases at the receiver than they did at the
source.

 Differences in delay may create a difference in phase if the delay is not exactly the same as the
period duration.
This figure shows the effect of distortion on a composite signal:
INTER SYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)

 Intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a


signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent
symbols
 Due to limited bandwidth of a channel

i.e. Interference of Signal with a


wall
METHODS
 Nyquist criteria for zero ISI pulse
 Raised cosine spectrum
TYPE 3: NOISE
Unwanted signals
inserted between
transmitter and
receiver

Is the major
limiting factor in
communications
system
performance
CATEGORIES
Noise may be divided into four categories:

• Thermal noise

• Intermodulation noise

• Crosstalk

• Impulse noise
CATEGORIES OF NOISE
Thermal noise

• Due to thermal
agitation of electrons
• Uniformly distributed
across bandwidths
• Referred to as white
noise Intermodulation noise
• Produced by nonlinearities in
the transmitter, receiver,
and/or intervening
transmission medium
• Effect is to produce signals at a
frequency that is the sum or
difference of the two
original frequencies
CATEGORIES OF NOISE
Crosstalk:
 A signal from one line is picked
up by another
 Can occur by electrical coupling
between nearby twisted pairs or
when microwave antennas pick up
Impulse Noise: unwanted signals
 Caused by external electromagnetic
interferences
 Non continuous, consisting of
irregular pulses or spikes
 Short duration and high amplitude
 Minor annoyance for analog signals but a
major source of error in digital data
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
(SNR)

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