Scribd
Upload
18 views

Crops Classification

The document provides an overview of agriculture, focusing on the classification of crops and the relationship of agronomy with other scientific disciplines. It details various classification methods for crops including life cycle, economic use, botanical classification, and climatic conditions. Additionally, it covers specific categories of crops such as cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and medicinal plants, highlighting their significance and examples.

Uploaded by

Sureshkumar R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

Crops Classification

The document provides an overview of agriculture, focusing on the classification of crops and the relationship of agronomy with other scientific disciplines. It details various classification methods for crops including life cycle, economic use, botanical classification, and climatic conditions. Additionally, it covers specific categories of crops such as cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and medicinal plants, highlighting their significance and examples.

Uploaded by

Sureshkumar R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 48

Unit I Introduction to Agriculture

Classification of crops
Agronomy: relationship with other disciplines

Dr. S. Marimuthu., Ph.D.


Asst. Professor (AGR)
Agronomy

• It occupies a pivotal position and is regarded as the mother


branch or primary branch

• It is an integrated and applied aspect of different disciplines of


pure sciences

• (i) Crop Science, (ii) Soil Science, and (iii) Environmental Science
Relationship with other discipline

• Crop science - Plant breeding, crop physiology and


biochemistry etc.,

• Soil science - soil fertilizers, manures etc.,

• Environmental science - Meteorology and crop ecology.


Crops

• In general, crop is an organism grown or harvested


for obtaining yield
• Agronomically crop is a plant cultivated for
economic purpose
Classification of crops
• Classification is done to generalize similar crop
plants as a class for better understanding of them
Classification types used in crops

• Based on ontogeny (life cycle)


• Based on economic use
(Agronomic)
• Based on Botany (Scientific
Classification)
• Based on seasons
• Based on climate
Based on Ontogeny (life cycle)

Annual crops:
• Crops that complete life cycle within a season for year
• Eg. Wheat, Rice, Maize, Mustard
Biennial crops:
• Plants that have life span of two consecutive seasons
or years
• First years/ season - purely vegetative growth
• Second year / season - Reproductive development -
producing seeds the plants die
• Eg. Sugar beet, Beetroot, Cabbage, Radish, Carrot,
etc.
Based on Ontogeny (life cycle)

Perennial crops:
• They live for three or more years
• They may be seed bearing or non-seed bearing
• Eg. Napier fodder grass, coconut etc
Based on economic use (Agronomic)

Cereals - Poaceae
• Stable food - over the world (only 5% from root crops)
• Cultivated as grasses used for edible starchy grains
• 60% to 70% starch - energy rich foods for humans
• Excellent source of fat soluble vitamin E, 20% to 30% of
the daily required minerals of selenium, Ca, Zinc & Cu
• Eg. Rice, Wheat, Maize, Barley, Oats, Triticale & Rye
Nutri-Cereals or Millets

• Small grained cereals - staple food in drier regions of


the developing countries are called millets
• Annual grasses - grown in lesser area
• Staple, human food for poor countries
• Grains for all the minor millets - Panicle
• Sorghum, cumbu - Ear heads
• Used after ‘Dehusking’
• Flour is used for making many delicious food items
• Mostly used as fodder crops
Millets or Nutri-Cereals

Major millets
• Sorghum /Jowar/Cholam - Sorghum bicolor
• Pearl Millet /Bajra/cumbu - Pennisetum glaucum
• Finger millet or ragi - Eleusine coracona
Minor millets
• Fox tail millet / Thenai - Setaria italica
• Little millet / Samai - Panicum miliare
• Common millet / Panivaraugu - Panicum miliaceum
• Barnyard millet / Kudiraivali - Echinchloa colona var
frumentaceae
• Kodomillet / Varagu - Paspalum scrobiculatum
Millets or Nutri-Cereals

Sorghum Pearl millet Finger millet

Foxtail millet Barnyard millet Common millet

Kodo millet
Little millet
Pulses

• Seeds of leguminous plants used as food, dhal rich in protein


• Pod containing grain is the economic portion
• Economic important in cropping system
• Green manure, High value cattle feed
• Green pods used as vegetables, e.g., cowpea, lablab
• Seed coat of pulses are nutritious cattle feed
• The wastes or stalk is called the ‘Haulm’ or ‘Stover’
Redgram - Cajanus cajan
Blackgram - Vigna mungo
Greengram - Vigna radiata
Chick pea - Cicer arietinum
Cowpea - Vigna unguiculata
Horsegram - Macrotyloma uniflorum
Soybean - Glycine max
Peas - Pisum sativum
Lab lab – Lablab purpuris
Oil seeds

• Rich in fatty acid are cultivated for the production of


vegetable oil
• Used either for edible or industrial or medicinal purposes
• Oil content range from 20% to 50%
• Rich in protein, Vit A, B and B2
• Residual oil cake used as manure and feed for cattle
• Haulms are feed to livestock
Oil seed crops

• Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogeae


• Sesamum or gingelly - Sesamum indicum
• Sunflower - Helianthus annuus
• Castor - Ricinus communis
• Linseed or flax - Linum usitatissimum
• Niger - Guizotia abyssinia
• Safflower - Carthamus tinctorius
• Rapeseed & Mustard
• Brown or Indian Mustard - Brassica juncea
• Sarson - Brassica sp.
Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogeae
Sesamum or gingelly – Sesamum indicum
Sunflower - Helianthus annuus
Castor - Ricinus communis
Linseed or flax- Linum usitatissimum
Niger - Guizotia abyssinia
Safflower - Carthamus tinctorius
Rapeseed & Mustard- Brassica juncea
Sugar Crops

• Crops cultivated for sugar


• Juice extracted from stem used for Jaggery or sugar
• Number of by products like Molasses (Alcohol &
Yeast formation), Bagasse (Paper making & Fuel),
Pressmud (Soil amendment)
• Trash (green leaf + dry foliage) - cattle feed
• Sugar beet - Tuber for extraction of sugar
• Tubers and tops are used as a fodder for cattle feed
• Sugarcane - Saccharum officinarum
• Sugar beet - Beta vulgaris
Fibre crops

• Plants grown for their fibre yield


• Seed fibre - Cotton (Gossypium spp.)
• Stem / Bast fibre - Jute (Carthamus tintorius),
Mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus)
• Leaf fibre - Agave (Agave americana) Pineapple
(Ananas comosus)
Fodder / Forage crops

• It refers to vegetative matter, fresh or

preserved, utilized as feed for animals

• It includes hay, silage, pasturage and fodder

• Eg. Grasses = Bajra napier grass, Guinea grass,

Fodder sorghum, Fodder maize, etc

• Legumes = Lucerne, Desmanthus, Fodder

cowpea, etc.
Spices and Condiments

• Crop plants or their products used

to season, flavour, taste and add

colour to the fresh or preserved

food

• Eg. Ginger, Garlic, Fenugreek,

Cumin, Turmeric Chillies, Onion,

Coriander etc.
Medicinal plants

• Crops used for preparation of medicines Eg.

Mint, Thulsi etc


Beverages

• Products of crops used for preparation of mild, agreeable and simulating


drinking
• Eg. Tea, Coffee, Cocoa (Plantation crops)
Scientific or Botanical classification

• Botanical or scientific names of plants which consist of genus and species and
are universally accepted
• Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, was responsible for the binomial system
of classification
Based on Seasons
Based on Seasons

• Kharif: June - July to September - • Summer crops (Zaid crops):


October (Warm wet weather and February - March to May - (Warm
shorter day length for flowering) dry weather and longer day length
• Eg. Rice, Maize, Castor, Groundnut for flowering) Eg. Black gram,
etc. Greengram, Seasame, Cowpea etc.
• Rabi Crops: October - November to • Classification is not a universal
January - February (Cold dry and one. Indicate the period for
longer day length for flowering) particular crops grown
• Eg. Wheat, Mustard, Barley, Oats, • Eg. Kharif rice, Kharif maize, Rabi
Potato, Bengal gram, Berseem, maize, Summer pulse etc.
Cabbage and Cauliflower
Based on climatic condition

• Tropical crop : Coconut, sugarcane


• Sub-tropical crop : Rice, cotton
• Temperate crop : Wheat, barley
• Polar crop : All pines, pasture grasses
Classification based on cultural method/water

• Rain fed: crops grow only on rain water

• E.g. Jowar, Bajara, Mung etc.

• Irrigated crops: Crops grows with the help of irrigation water

• E.g. Chili, sugarcane, Banana, Papaya etc.


Classification based on root system

• Tap root system: The main root goes deep


into the soil.

• E.g. Tur, Grape, Cotton etc.

• Adventitious/Fiber rooted: The crops


whose roots are fibrous shallow &
spreading into the soil

• E.g. Cereal crops, wheat, rice etc.


Classification based on economic importance

• Cash crop: Grown for earning money

• E.g. Sugarcane, cotton etc.

• Food crops: Grown for raising food grain


for the population and & fodder for cattle

• E.g. Jowar, Wheat, Rice etc.


Classification based on photosynthesis

• C3 Plants: Photo respiration is high and low WUE

• E.g. Rice, soybeans, wheat, barley, cotton, potato.

• C4 plants: High photosynthetic, WUE, Drought resistant

• E.g. Sorghum, Maize, Napier grass, Sesame etc.

• CAM plants: Stomata opening at night, High WUE and


drought resistant

• E.g. Pineapple, Sisal and Agave


Comparison of C3, C4 and CAM plants
Classification based on length of photoperiod

• Photoperiodism (Required relative length of the day & night,


especially for floral initiation)

• Short-day plants: Flower initiation required <10 hrs

• E.g. rice, Jowar, green gram, black gram etc.

• Long day’s plants: Flower initiation – >10 hrs E.g. Wheat,


Barley,

• Day neutral plants: Photoperiod does not have much influence


for phase change for these plants. E.g. Cotton, sunflower.
Thanks a
lot

You might also like