Chapter 1

Differentiation

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

OBJECTIVE

• Differentiate using the Product and the Quotient Rules.

• Use the Quotient Rule to differentiate the average cost,
revenue, and profit functions.

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

THEOREM 7: The Product Rule

Let F ( x)  f ( x) g ( x). Then,

d
F ( x)   f ( x) g ( x)
dx
d d
F ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)
dx dx

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

d  4
Example 1: Find
dx 
 x  2 x 3
 7 3 x 2
 5 x .


d  4
dx 
 x  2 x 3
 7 3 x 2
 5 x  

 x 4
 2 x 3
 7 
 6 x  5  
 3 x 2
 5 x 
 4 x 3
 6 x 2


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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

Quick Check 1
Use the Product Rule to differentiate each of the following
functions. Do not simplify.

a.) y (2 x 5  x  1)(3 x  2)

b.) y ( x  1)( 5 x  x)

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

Quick Check 1 Solution

5
a.) y (2 x  x  1)(3 x  2)
d d d
Using the Product Rule:  f  x  g  x   f  x    g  x   g  x    f  x 
dx dx dx
We get: y (2 x 5  x  1)(3x1 1  0)  (3 x  2)(5 2 x 5 1  x1 1  0)

y 3(2 x 5  x  1)  (3 x  2)(10 x 4  1)

b.) y   x 1  5
x x 
Again, using the Product Rule, we get:
1 1
1 1
y ( x  1)( x 5 1 1
 x )  ( x  x)( x
5 2
 0)
 1   1 
y  x 1  
5 4
5 x
 1 

 5
x x   
2 x

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

THEOREM 8: The Quotient Rule

N ( x)
If Q( x)  , then,
D( x)

D( x) N ( x)  N ( x) D( x)
Q( x) 
 D( x)
2

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

x 2  3x
Example 2: Differentiate f ( x)  .
x 1

( x  1)(2 x  3)  ( x 2  3 x)(1)
f ( x) 
( x  1) 2
2 x 2  5 x  3  x 2  3x
f ( x) 
( x  1) 2
x2  2x  3
f ( x) 
( x  1) 2

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

Quick Check 2
1  3x
a.) Differentiate: f ( x)  2 . Simplify your result.
x 2

b.) Show that

d  ax  1  a b
  
dx  bx  1  bx  12

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

Quick Check 2 Solution

d d
g ( x)  [ f ( x)]  f ( x)  [ g ( x)]
a.) Using the Quotient Rule: d  f ( x)  dx dx

dx  g ( x )  [ g ( x )]2

( x 2  2)(0  3)  (1  3 x)(2 x  0)
We get: f ( x) 
( x 2  2) 2

 3x 2  6  2 x  6 x 2
f ( x) 
x4  4x2  4

3x 2  2 x  6
f ( x)  4
x  4x2  4

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 1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

Quick Check 2 Solution Concluded

d d
g ( x)  [ f ( x)]  f ( x)  [ g ( x)]
b.) Using the Quotient Rule: d  f ( x)   dx dx
dx  g ( x )  [ g ( x )]2

We know that: d  ax  1   (bx  1)(a )  (ax  1)(b)

dx  bx  1  bx  1
2

(abx  a )  (abx  b)

(bx  1) 2
abx  a  abx  b

(bx  1) 2

a b

(bx  1) 2

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

DEFINITION:

If C(x) is the cost of producing x items, then the

C ( x)
average cost of producing x items is .
x
If R(x) is the revenue from the sale of x items, then the
R( x)
average revenue from selling x items is .
x
If P(x) is the profit from the sale of x items, then the
P( x)
average profit from selling x items is .
x
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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules
Example 3: Paulsen’s Greenhouse finds that
the cost, in dollars, of growing x hundred geraniums is
given by C ( x) 200  100 4 x . If the revenue from
the sale of x hundred geraniums is given by
R ( x) 120  90  x , find each of the following.

a) The average cost, the average revenue, and the

average profit when x hundred geraniums are grown
and sold.
b) The rate at which average profit is changing when
300 geraniums are being grown.

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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules
Example 3 (continued):
a) We let AC, AR, and AP represent average cost,
average revenue, and average profit.
C ( x) 200  100 4 x
AC ( x)  
x x
R( x) 120  90  x
A R ( x)  
x x
P ( x) R ( x)  C ( x) 120  90  x  200  100 4 x
A P ( x)   
x x x
 80  90  x  100 4 x
A P ( x) 
x
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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

Example 3 (continued):
b) First we must find AP  x . Then we can substitute
3 (hundred) into AP  x .

AP  x  
 1 2

1
1 4

3
  1 1

x  90  x  100  x     80  90 x  100 x  1
2 4

 2 4   

x2
1 1 1 1
45 x  25 x  80  90 x  100 x
2 4 2 4

x2
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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

Example 3 (concluded):
1 1

 80  45 x  75 x 2 4
AP ( x) 
x2
1 1

 80  45(3)  75(3) 2 4
AP (3)  2
3
AP(3)  11.196
Thus, at 300 geraniums, Paulsen’s average profit is
increasing by about $11.20 per plant.
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1.6 The Product and Quotient Rules

Section Summary
• The Product Rule is:
d d d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x)  [ g ( x)]  g ( x)  [ f ( x)]
dx dx dx
• The Quotient Rule is:
d d
  g ( x )  [ f ( x )]  f ( x )  [ g ( x)]
d f ( x) dx dx

dx  g ( x)  [ g ( x)]2
• Be careful to note the order in which you write out the factors
when using the Quotient Rule. Because the Quotient Rule involves
subtraction and division, the order in which you perform the
operations is important.

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