Recall the

different
systems of the
body and its
important
organs
What are the most needs of humans?
What is in the food that human needs?
 ORGANS OF
THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Identify the main
organs of the
digestive system.
Main Organs of the
Digestive System
Digestive Tract Function
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FOOD-is one of the most important
things that human needs.
-contains nutrients or
substances that the body needs to
grow healthy.
-has to be broken down first
into absorbable molecules.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is
system of the body
responsible for breaking
down of food into absorbable
forms.
FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
(1) To break down food into
molecules (digestion).
(2) To carry nutrients through the
blood vessels for the distribution all
throughout the body (absorption).
 PROCESSES OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Ingestion
- the process of taking
food, drink, or another
substance into the body
by swallowing or
absorbing it.
 Absorption
- the process of taking
nutrients from the
digestive system into
the blood so they can
be used in the body.
 Assimilation
- the movement of
digested food molecules
into the cells of the body
where they are used.
 Excretion
- the process to get rid of
waste materials from the
blood, tissues, or organs by
a normal discharge (as
sweat, urine or stool)
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FALL INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS:

DIGESTIVE TRACT
• is a muscular and mucous membrane-lined tube
where food is digested and absorbed. The mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine and anus comprise the alimentary
canal.
 •ACCESSORY
ORGANS
- Secretes digestive
enzymes that aid in
digestion. These
include the pancreas,
liver, and gall bladder.
IN THE MOUTH
Digestion actually begins in the
mouth. The teeth break the food into
smaller pieces. Inside the mouth, food is
moistened with the help of the tongue
which mixes the food with saliva, until it
forms a mass of chewed food called bolus
and the tongue moves the pieces around
so that saliva can be mixed with them.
DIGESTION
Saliva is a liquid substance that contains mucus
and salivary amylase or ptyalin, a digestive
enzyme which breaks down starches to maltose (a
simple sugar).
This begins the digestion.
Then swallow, and the journey begins!
DIGESTION
When the food is swallowed, it passes
through the pharynx, a passageway of both air and
food. At the same time, the epiglottis (a flap
muscle) closes the entry to the trachea to prevent
the bolus from going into the air passage. From
the pharynx, food goes through the esophagus.
ESOPHAGUS
-About 10 inches” long
-Muscular tube that moves food from the throat to
the stomach.
-As we swallow, a strong contraction pushes down
the food from the pharynx to the esophagus, forming
wavelike muscle movement is called peristalsis.
-Heartburn is when acid from the stomach gets in
here.

21
STOMACH
• From the esophagus, the goes through stomach.
• J-shaped organ located at the upper left side of
your body.
• Stores the food you eat, breaks it down into tiny
pieces.
• Mixes food with digestive juices.
• Acid in the stomach kills bacteria.
• It can stretch and shrink.
STOMACH
Two sphincters of the stomach that can be
found on its both ends:
(1) Esophageal sphincter-is located at the end of
the esophagus connected to the stomach. It
prevents the food from reentering the
esophagus.
(2) Pyloric sphincter- located at the other end of
the stomach which prevents the food from going
out of the stomach.
STOMACH
The inner walls of the stomach
contain gastric glands. The secretory cells in
each gland release enzyme, hydrochloric acid,
and mucus. The secretion make up the gastric
juices.
Gastric juices have various
functions that contribute to the digestion in the
stomach. The hydrochloric acid kills most of
the bacteria present in the bolus that reaches
the stomach.
STOMACH
It also triggers the production of
pepsinogen which breaks down proteins
into polypeptides. It is in the stomach
that protein digestion happens. The
mucus produced in the stomach during
digestion creates a coating that protects
the stomach against self-digestion.
STOMACH
Food stays in the stomach for around
2-6 hours. During that time, the stomach
continues to digest food. The food that leaves
the stomach appears in a form of a thick,
semifluid mass called chyme. The chyme
goes into the small intestine through the pyloric
sphincter. The small intestine performs
chemical digestion and and absorption of
nutrients.
 SMALL INTESTINE
• Small intestines are roughly 22 feet long. “Small”
refers to its diameter, not its length.
• Insides are coated with little ‘fingers’ called cilia
to increase surface area.
• Nutrients from the food pass into the
bloodstream through the small intestine walls.
• You can have pieces removed but it is very hard
for your body to get the right nutrients.
 SMALL INTESTINE
Three sections of small intestine:
(1) Duodenum- which is directly attached to the
stomach where chyme is mixed with pancreatic
juice and bile.
(2) Jejunum- the middle part where the chemical
breakdown of chyme is completed.
(3) Ileum- the longest part where digested food is
absorbed into the bloodstream.

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 The complete digestion in the small
intestine happens because of the presence of
various enzymes it produces-peptidase which
breaks peptides into amino acids, sucrase
which acts on sucrose, maltase which acts
on maltose, and lactase which acts on
lactose-and additional enzymes produced by
the accessory organs (pancreas and liver) of
the digestive system.
The pancreatic juice (from the
pancreas) and bile (from the liver)
are brought into the small intestine
through the pancreatic and bile ducts
respectively.
 After the complete digestion of
carbohydrates into monosaccharides,
proteins into amino acids, and fats into
fatty acids, these nutrients are now
small enough to be absorbed by the
cells of the small intestine through the
tiny, fingerlike projections lining the
small intestine called villi
(singular:villus).
 Each villus is covered with many
microvilli (microscopic projections smaller
than villi). The villi and microvilli projections
increase the internal surface area of the
small intestine which enables easy
absorption of nutrients. The villi are also
connected to the blood vessels which
transport the nutrients to the different parts of
the body through the blood.
LARGE INTESTINE
•About 5 feet long.
•A part of the digestive tract which extends from
the ileum to the anus.
•Accepts what small intestines don’t absorb, the
undigested materials.
•Absorbs water and minerals from the waste
matter.
•The last phase of the digestion
•You can lose a large part of this and still survive.
 The colon is the part of the large
intestine that reabsorbs vitamins and
minerals which were not absorbed in the
small intestine. The large intestine also
reabsorbs water. The rest of the
materials go to the rectum which stores
feces until they are defecated through
the anus.

34
FUN FACTS
• HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES?
At least 25 feet in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown
horse -- their coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long!
• Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine can
last 18 hours to 2 days!
• In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about
50 tons!!
 Science Word Drill
Direction: From the pool of
letters below, form three
words that are related to the
accessory organs of the
digestive system.
L G A B D E
L I V A S L
B P E E A R
D E R R C N
D E P A N G
A L B L L A
• ACCESSORY ORGANS
- Secretes digestive
enzymes that aid in
digestion. These include
the pancreas, liver, and
gall bladder.
Give and discuss the
different accessory
organs of the
Digestive System
 Fill Me Up!
Accessory
Location Function
Organs
 Answer the following questions:
1. What are the accessory organs of
the digestive system?
2. Where are these organs located?
3. What are the functions of these
organs?
 The accessory organs of digestion play
key roles in the digestive process. Each of
these organs either secretes or stores
substances that pass through ducts into the
alimentary canal (digestive tract).
• What are three main accessory
organs of the digestive system?
• What are the functions of each?
 1. Pancreas is
spongy, about six
to ten inches long,
and is shaped like
a flat pear or a
fish extended
horizontally
across the
abdomen.
Functions:
1. It plays an essential role in converting the
food we eat into fuel for the body's cells.
2. It secretes pancreatic juice that help for
the digestion of food.
2. Liver- the largest gland in the body.
 Weighing about 3 pounds, the liver is
reddish-brown in color and feels rubbery to
the touch. Normally you can't feel the liver,
because it's protected by the rib cage.
The liver has two large sections,
called the right and the left lobes.
 Functions:
1. It filters and breaks down drugs and harmful substances in the
blood.
2. It also stores vitamins (vitamins A,D,E,K and B12) and
minerals from the blood and helps regulate cholesterol and
glucose level in the blood.
3. It secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines.
4. It makes proteins important for blood clotting and other
functions.
3. Gall bladder
- is a small, sac-
shaped organ
Function/s:
It stores bile, an emulsifier
essential for fat digestion.
2. Where can you find the
pancreas, liver, and gall bladder
in the digestive system?
The pancreas is located behind the
stomach in the upper left abdomen. It is
surrounded by other organs including the
small intestine, liver, and spleen.
 The liver is a large, meaty organ that
sits on the right side of the belly. The
gallbladder sits under the liver, along with
parts of the pancreas and intestines. The liver
and these organs work together to digest,
absorb, and process food.
 The gallbladder is
located on the right side
of your abdomen and
connected to your liver
via the hepatic duct.
 What do you think
will happen to your
gallbladder if you
continue to eat fatty
foods?
 Large amounts
of fatty or
greasy food become
harder to digest.
 Fried foods are often high
in saturated fat, which raises
cholesterol in your blood. So a
lot of greasy fare can lead to
gallstones. Plus, it's high in
calories, which can make your
scale creep up.
 Eat fewer refined
carbohydrates and less sugar.
Eat healthy fats, like fish oil and
olive oil, to help your gallbladder
contract and empty on a regular
basis. Avoid unhealthy fats, like
those often found in desserts and
fried foods.
 During your MAPEH Class, your teacher
told you that you will perform shuttle run as part
of your Physical Fitness Test in PE Class.
 • Have you
experience to run after
eating?
• Why do you think
it happened?
 Most of the time, side stitches occur on
the right side of the body. This may be because
the largest organ in the abdominal cavity,
the liver, is on that side. ... There is also a belief
that an imbalance of electrolytes (such as
calcium, potassium, and sodium) in the blood
could also contribute to the side stitch.
 This pain is usually on
the right side and just under the ribs.
Exercise like horseback riding, running,
and sit-ups are common causes of
the side stitch. You shouldn't drink large
amounts of water or eat 2-4 hours before
exercise.
Suggest ways on how to maintain these
organs healthy.
 WAYS ON HOW TO MAINTAIN THE ORGANS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Eat a high-fiber diet.
2. Get both insoluble and soluble fiber.
3. Limit foods that are high in fat.
4. Choose lean meats.
5. Incorporate probiotics into your diet.
6. Eat on schedule.
7. Stay hydrated.
8. Skip the bad habits: smoking, excessive caffeine,
and alcohol.
9. Exercise regularly.
10. Manage stress.
 Supply the missing word/s to
complete the process of ingestion,
absorption, assimilation, and excretion
in the digestion process. Use the organs
in the diagram below for your reference.
 Digestion starts in the (1) ___________ as the
food is chewed and mixes with the enzymes. It is
swallowed and passes through the pharynx, a
passageway of both air and food. At the same time,
the epiglottis (a flap muscle) closes the entry to the
trachea to prevent the bolus from going into the air
passage. From the pharynx, food goes through the
(2) ____________.
From the esophagus, the food goes through (3)
____________. A J-shaped organ located at the upper
left side of your body and stores the food you eat,
breaks it down into tiny pieces. Food stays in the
stomach for around 2-6 hours. During that time, the
stomach continues to digest food.
 The (4)_______________performs
chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Nutrients from the food pass into the
bloodstream through the small intestine walls.
The complete digestion in the small intestine
happens because of the presence of various
enzymes. A part of the digestive tract which
extends from the ileum to the anus.
In the (5) ______________ is the last
phase of the digestion. It accepts what small
intestines do not absorb, the undigested
materials. Also, absorbs water and minerals
from the waste matter.
 WRITE THE NAME OF EACH COLORED
ORGAN:
Green:
Red:
Pink:
Brown:
Purple:
Green:
Yellow:
DID YOU GET THE ANSWERS RIGHT?

Green: Esophagus
Red: Stomach
Pink: Small Intestine
Brown: Large Intestine
Purple: Liver
Green: Gall Bladder
Yellow: Pancreas
Great Job!
 EVALUATION
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is the job of the bile?
a. It breaks down proteins
b. It emulsifies fats stomach acid.
c. It creates the correct pH conditions for pepsin
2. Which organ produces bile?
a. Gall bladder
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Small intestine
3. Which secretion does not contain enzymes
but speeds up fat digestion?
a. Bile
b. Intestinal juice
c. Mucus
d. Pancreatic juice
4. Which is the function of the gall bladder?
a. It produces insulin and glucagon.
b. It produces bile.
c. It stores bile
d. It stores pancreatic juice
5. It secretes pancreatic juice that help
for the digestion of food.
a. Gall bladder
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Small intestine
 EXTEND
Identify common diseases in the Digestive System such as
1. Canker sores
2. Gastritis
3. Peptic Ulcer
4. Constipation
5. Diarrhea
6. Appendicitis
Reference: Any Biology Book