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Soil Compaction and Stabilization

The document discusses soil compaction and stabilization, emphasizing the importance of compacting loose soils in construction to increase their unit weights. It differentiates between compaction and consolidation, outlines the Standard Proctor Test for measuring soil compaction, and describes factors affecting compaction. Additionally, it covers various methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical, cement, lime, and bituminous stabilization techniques.

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grusoheisnberg
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7 views

Soil Compaction and Stabilization

The document discusses soil compaction and stabilization, emphasizing the importance of compacting loose soils in construction to increase their unit weights. It differentiates between compaction and consolidation, outlines the Standard Proctor Test for measuring soil compaction, and describes factors affecting compaction. Additionally, it covers various methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical, cement, lime, and bituminous stabilization techniques.

Uploaded by

grusoheisnberg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOIL

COMPACTION
AND
STABILIZATION
INTRODUCTION ON SOIL
COMPACTION
In the construction of highway embankments, earth dams, and many
other engineering structures, loose soils must be compacted to
increase their unit weights. To compact a soil, that is, to place it in a
dense state. The dense state is achieved through the reduction of the
air voids in the soil, with little or no reduction in the water content. This
process must not be confused with consolidation, in which water is
squeezed out under the action of a continuous static load.
CONCEPT OF COMPACTION
Compaction, in general, is the densification of soil by removal of air,
which requires mechanical energy. Simplistically, compaction may be
defined as the process in which soil particles are forced closer together
with the resultant reduction in air voids.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
COMPACTION & CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation:- It is the process of decreasing the volume of soil by
explaining the water and air from the voids by application of static
loads.
COMPACTION CONSOLIDATION
 It takes place due to expulsion of air  It takes place due to expulsion of
water and air from the voids.

 Generally dynamic load applied in  Generally static load applied in


compaction. compaction.

 It is a fast process that is compaction  It is slow process and it may take 50 to


takes place immediately after 100 years for full consolidation.
application of load.

 Compacting equipment's are required.  No equipment is required for


consolidation process.
STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
Proctor Test is used to determine the compaction of different types of
soil and the properties of soil with a change in moisture content.
Compaction is the process of densification of soil by reducing air voids.
The degree of compaction of a given soil is measured in terms of its dry
density. The dry density is maximum at the optimum water content. A
curve is drawn between the water content and the dry density to
obtain the maximum dry density and the optimum water content.
STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
1.
PROCEDURE
Take sufficient quantity of representative soil, air dry & pulverize it with a rubber mallet.
2. Sieve the soil through No: 4 sieve & reject the coarser material.
3. Take about, 3 kg of soil, add water to bring its water content to about 5% below the estimated optimum moisture content (for
coarse-grained soil 4% initial water content & for fine-grained soil 10% initial water content is preferable).
4. Then Mix it thoroughly.
5. Clean the mold, measure its diameter & height & weigh it without the collar.
6. Fit the collar & compact the moist soil in three equal layers by the rammer with evenly distributed blows to each layer.
7. Use 25 blows for 4 inches diameter & 56 blows for 6 inches diameter mold to the total height of mold with collar.
8. Remove the collar trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold with a straight steel edge.
9. Clean outside of the mold & base plate & weigh 11.
10. Remove the soil from the mold, split it & take about 100 grams sample for water content determination.
11. Break the soil lamps, mix it with remaining soil in the tray.
12. Add more water to increase the water content by 2 to 3% & repeat the compaction procedure for each increment of water until the
mass of the compacted soil decreases.
13. Calculate Water content for each trail & corresponding dry density.
14. Plot the compaction curve between water-content as abscissa & dry density as ordinate.
15. Note the water content against the peak of the curve as optimum moisture content & the corresponding dry density as maximum
dry density.
COMPACTION CURVE
The compaction curve is relationship between a soil water content and
dry unit weight.
It is observed that the dry density increases with an increase in water
content till the max. density is attained. With Further increase in water
content, the dry density decreases.
OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT
&
MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY
The water content corresponding to maximum
dry unit weight is called optimum moisture
content.
Maximum Dry Density (MDD) is the dry density
of soil corresponding to Optimum Moisture
Content.
Zero air voids line:-The line showing the dry
density and water content relationship for a soil
containing no air voids is called zero air voids
line or saturation line and can be established by
the equation
FACTORS AFFECTING COMPACTION
Water content :- At low water content the soil particles after more
resistance to compaction, with increase the moisture content helps the
particle to move closer because of the lubrication effect and dry density
increase continuously till the OMC is reached and with further increase
in water content density starts decreasing.
Compactive effort :-An increase in the amount of compaction energy
the maximum dry density increase while the OMC decreasing.
Type of soil:-soil type ,grain size, shape of the soil grains, amount and
type of clay minerals present and the specific gravity of the soil solids
have a great influence on the dry unit weight and optimum moisture
content
Cont.…
Method of compaction :Generally field compaction is a kneading or
rolling type of compaction but laboratory test are dynamic impact
type of compaction .Hence laboratory compaction test shows more
value of maximum dry density then field compaction.
Addition of admixture : The compaction property of soil can be
modified by adding different types of admixture .The type of
admixture to be added depends on the properties of soil.
SOIL STABILIZATION
• Soil stabilization is a technique to refine and improve physical,
mechanical and chemical properties of soils by adding chemical
admixtures.
METHODS OF SOIL STABILIZATION
Mechanical stabilization: In mechanical stabilization the grading of a soil is
changed by mixing it with other types of soils of different grade
Cement stabilization: The addition of cement to a soil which acts as a binding
agent and produce a weak form of concrete called soil cement .
Lime stabilization: Lime stabilization is a well established technique to
improve the subgrade properties of different soil for pavement construction.
Bituminous stabilization: It is a process by which a controlled amount of
bituminous material is thoroughly mixed with an existing soil material to
form a stable base on wearing course. Bitumen increase the cohesive and
load bearing capacity the soil and renders it resistant to the action of water.

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