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Ch_Brain Behavior & Motivation

The document discusses the dynamics of motivation and emotion, outlining different types of motives including primary, stimulus, and secondary motives. It also explores the relationship between arousal and performance, coping strategies for test anxiety, and various theories of emotion such as the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. Additionally, it highlights the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as well as the physiological aspects of emotional responses.

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Samia Mazhar
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14 views

Ch_Brain Behavior & Motivation

The document discusses the dynamics of motivation and emotion, outlining different types of motives including primary, stimulus, and secondary motives. It also explores the relationship between arousal and performance, coping strategies for test anxiety, and various theories of emotion such as the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. Additionally, it highlights the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as well as the physiological aspects of emotional responses.

Uploaded by

Samia Mazhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Motivation and Emotion

DR. RABIA HANIF


Motivation: Why do we do the things we
do?

 Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct,


and terminate actions

 What makes us start, persist, focus on, and stop what


we do?
Types of Motives

 Primary (or Biological) Motive: Innate (inborn)


motives based on biological needs we must meet to
survive
 Stimulus Motive: Innate needs for stimulation and
information (but not necessary for survival)
 Secondary (or Learned) Motive: Based on learned
needs, drives, and goals
A Model of Motivational Activities

 Model of how motivated activities work


• Need: Internal deficiency; causes
• Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger, thirst); activates a…
• Response: Action or series of actions designed to attain a…
• Goal: Target of motivated behavior
 Incentive Value: Goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill
a need
Arousal: The need for stimulation
Stimulus Drives

 Reflect needs for information, exploration,


manipulation, and sensory input
 Sensation Seeking: Trait of people who prefer high
levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on “Fear
Factor”)
 Yerkes-Dodson Law: If a task is simple, it is best for
arousal to be in the middle; if the task is complex,
lower levels of arousal provide for the best
performance
Figure 9.11

FIGURE 9.11 (a) The general relationship between arousal and efficiency can be described by
an inverted U curve. The optimal level of arousal or motivation is higher for a simple task (b) than
for a complex task (c).
How to Cope With Test Anxiety

 Preparation
 Relaxation
 Rehearsal
 Restructuring thoughts
Learned Motives

 Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular


society or culture
 Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet some
internal standard of excellence
 Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over
others
Measure Your Own Need for Achievement

 We’ll use two measures

 Caution—be aware of the social desirability response bias

 Use meta-cognitive skills—”Do I honestly feel this way or am I just


trying to look good?”
Achievement Motivation

 Characteristics of those high in need for achievement


 moderate risk takers
 Avoid goals that are too easy or too hard
 Complete difficult tasks
 Earn better grades
 Tend to excel in chosen occupations
 Attribute success to ability; failure to insufficient effort
 More likely to renew efforts when they perform poorly
 Can you think of some disadvantages of a direct, objective test like
this?
Measuring the Need for Achievement

 TAT
 Measuring the need for achievement is complex and difficult to do.

 It involves looking at not only how much, but also why some people achieve more
than others.

 A projective personality test, the Thematic Apperception Test or TAT, has been
used for this purpose.
TAT—Thematic Apperception Test

 Developed by Henry Murray, personality theorist


 Projective device consisting of 20 drawings (black and white) of
various situations
 People must make up stories about the people in it
 Central themes are examined and interpreted
 Good at revealing feelings about a person’s social relationships
 Disadvantages?
Abraham Maslow and Needs

 Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s ordering of needs


based on presumed strength or potency; some needs
are more powerful than others and thus will influence
your behavior to a greater degree
 Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow’s
hierarchy
 Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs

 Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated with self-


actualization
Figure 9.14

FIGURE 9.14 Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must
be satisfied before growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for selfactualization are reflected
in various metaneeds (see text).
Types of Motivation

 Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not from external


rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task
 Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or
similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)
Emotions

 State characterized by physiological arousal and changes


in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective
feelings

 Physiological Changes: Include heart rate, blood pressure,


perspiration, and other involuntary bodily responses

 Emotional Expression: Outward signs of what a person is


feeling

 Emotional Feelings: Private emotional experience


Figure 9.15 FIGURE 9.15 Primary and mixed emotions.
In Robert Plutchik’s model, there are eight
primary emotions, as listed in the inner
areas. Adjacent emotions may combine to
give the emotions listed around the
perimeter. Mixtures involving more widely
separated emotions are also possible. For
example, fear plus anticipation produces
anxiety.
Brain and Emotion

 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural system


that connects brain with internal organs and glands
 Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body
for emergency action
 Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that quiets body
and conserves energy
Figure 12.4 PARASYMPATHETIC REBOUND
After the stimulus eliciting the sympathetic response is removed, that response is reduced, and the opposing
parasympathetic response is enhanced. This is why people sometimes feel faint at the end of an exciting experience.
 Sudden Death
 After strong emotional shock, sympathetic system becomes too active
 Results in excessive stress
 Parasympathetic Rebound
 After shock, parasympathetic system overreacts
 lowers blood pressure too much
 Slows heart to a stop
Lie Detectors

 Polygraph: Device that records heart rate, blood pressure,


respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR); lie detector
 GSR: Measures sweating
 Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, unemotional questions in a
polygraph test
 Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someone guilty
should react by becoming anxious or emotional
 Control Questions: Questions that almost always provoke
anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. “Have you ever taken any office
supplies?”)
Figure 12.7b

The polygraph, a method for detecting nervous arousal, is the basis for the so-called “lie detector” test. The polygraph operator (a) asks a series of
nonthreatening questions to establish base-line readings of the subject’s autonomic responses (b), then asks questions relevant to an investigation. The
underlying assumption is that an increase in arousal indicates nervousness, which in turn indicates lying. Unfortunately, a large percentage of innocent people
become nervous and therefore appear to be lying.
Theories of Emotion

 James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal


and come from awareness of such arousal.
 Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes emotional
feelings and bodily arousal to occur at the same time.
 Schachter’s Cognitive Theory: Emotions occur when a label is
applied to general physical arousal.
 Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes to events;
attributing arousal to a certain source.
 Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facial expressions
and help define what emotion someone feels.
FIGURE 12.9

According to the James-Lange theory, physiological arousal determines the nature of an emotion. According to Schachter and Singer’s theory,
physiological arousal determines the intensity of an emotion, but not which emotion is experienced.
Figure 9.21
A Modern View of Emotion

 Each of these theories has some truth, so can we


combine them in a way that makes sense?
Figure 9.23

FIGURE 9.23 A contemporary model of emotion.

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