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LESSON 1 Capacitors and Electric Circuit 1

The document provides an overview of capacitors, their capacitance, and the principles of electric circuits. It explains the structure and function of capacitors, including their ability to store electrical charge, and details the formulas for calculating capacitance in series and parallel configurations. Additionally, it covers the types of electric circuits and includes sample problems for practical understanding.

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Mabbiekeem Panganiban
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14 views31 pages

LESSON 1 Capacitors and Electric Circuit 1

The document provides an overview of capacitors, their capacitance, and the principles of electric circuits. It explains the structure and function of capacitors, including their ability to store electrical charge, and details the formulas for calculating capacitance in series and parallel configurations. Additionally, it covers the types of electric circuits and includes sample problems for practical understanding.

Uploaded by

Mabbiekeem Panganiban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL PHYSICS 2

ELECTRIC
CURRENTS AND
CIRCUITS
CAPACITOR
AND
ELECTRIC
SERIES
CAPACITOR
Capacitors are simple passive
device that can store an
electrical charge on their plates
when connected to a voltage
source.
CAPACI
TOR
Capacitanc
e value
and
Voltage
rating
CAPACITOR
In its basic form, a capacitor consists of
two or more parallel conductive (metal)
plates which are not connected or
touching each other.
They are electrically separated either by
some form of a good insulating material.
The insulating layer between a
capacitors plates is commonly called the
Dielectric.
THE CAPACITANCE
OF A CAPACITOR
Capacitance is the electrical property of a
capacitor and is the measure of a
capacitors ability to store an
electrical charge onto its two plates .
The unit of capacitance being the Farad
(abbreviated to F) named after the British
physicist Michael Faraday.
THE CAPACITANCE
OF A CAPACITOR
Standard Units of Capacitance

Millifarad (mF) 1mF = 1/1,000 = 0.001 = 10-3 F

Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F

Nano-farad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F

Picofarad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001


=10-12 F
REMEMBER:
The amount of electrical charge that a capacitor can store on
its plates is known as its Capacitance value and depends
upon three main factors.
 Surface Area – the surface area, A of the two conductive
plates which make up the capacitor, the larger the area the
greater the capacitance.
 Distance – the distance, d between the two plates, the
smaller the distance the greater the capacitance.
 Dielectric Material – the type of material which separates
the two plates called the “dielectric”, the higher the
permittivity of the dielectric the greater the capacitance
THE CAPACITANCE OF A
CAPACITOR 𝜀 𝐴
0
∁=
𝑑
C = Capacitance (Farads or F)
​= Permittivity of free space (8.85× C²/N·m²)
A = Plate area (m²)
d = Distance between plates (m)

Note: plate area is given by A= if the plates are


square-shaped.)
CHARGE OF CAPACITOR
𝑄=𝐶 · ∆ 𝑉
Q = Charge stored on the capacitor
(Coulombs, C)
C = Capacitance (Farads, F)
V = Voltage (Volts, V)
COULOMBS TO ELECTRON
CHARGE CONVERSION
𝑄
𝑁 =
𝑒
N = number of electrons
Q = charge of a capacitor
= charge of a single electron (- C)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Modern computer memories use parallel-plate capacitors to
store information, and these capacitors are the basic elements
of a random-access memory (RAM) chip. Assume one of these
capacitors has plates with area L, where L=1.0 x 10-6m and a
plate separation d = (1.0 x 10-9 m).
 (a) Find the capacitance of the capacitor.

 (b) Calculate the amount of charge that must be placed onto


the plates to obtain a potential difference of 5.0V across them.
 (c) How many electrons does this charge correspond to?
THE CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

(a) Find the capacitance of the


capacitor.

C=
CHARGE OF CAPACITOR
(b) Calculate the amount of charge that must be
placed onto the plates to obtain a potential
difference of 5.0V across them.
COULOMBS TO ELECTRON
CONVERSION
(c) How many electrons does this charge
correspond to?
DAY
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT/CONNECTIONS

An electric circuit is a path


through which electric current
flows. It typically consists of
components like a power source,
conductors, load, and switches.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT/CONNECTIONS
Series Circuit-A series circuit is an
electrical circuit where all
the components are
connected in a single path,
with no branches.
A parallel circuit is an
Parallel Circuit- electrical circuit that has
multiple paths for
electricity to flow.
Open Circuit- A break in the circuit
which stops current
flow.
Closed Circuit- A complete path that
allows current to flow.

Short Circuit- A low-resistance path


causes excessive current
flow, which can be
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT/CONNECTIONS

Capacitors can be arranged in two


simple and common types of
connections, known as series and
parallel, for which we can easily
calculate the total capacitance.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT/CONNECTIONS

1
2
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
An arrangement of three
“consecutive” capacitors is
referred to as capacitors in
series.

When this series combination is


connected to a battery
with voltage V, each of the
capacitors acquires an identical
charge Q.
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
To be able to find the total capacitance of the series
circuit, we have the formula:
1
𝐶 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
1 1 1
+ +
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
The movement of the charge is called the electric current,
one ampere of current is equal to one coulomb of charge
which flows fast a given point in one unit second.
CAPACITANCE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
1
𝐶 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
1 1 1
+ +
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

Determine the total capacitance of a series circuit containing three capacitors


whose values are 1.0 nF, 0.25μF, 5.0 nF respectively.

(1)
𝐶 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
(1) (1) (1)
−9
+ −6
+ −9
(1.0 𝑥 10 𝐹 ) (0.25 𝑥 10 𝐹 ) (5.0 x 10 F)
CAPACITANCE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
1 (1)
=
𝐶 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ( 1.0 x 10 )+( 4.0 x 10 )+(2.0 𝑥 10 )
9 6 9

1 ( 1)
=
𝐶 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 9
( 1.204 𝑥 10 )
−10
𝐶 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =8.30 𝑥 10 𝐹 ∨8.30 nF
CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL
When capacitors are
connected in parallel, one
plate of each capacitor is
connected directly to one
of the source, while the
other plate of each capacitor
is connected to the other
source. All the negative plates
of the capacitors are
connected together, and all
the positive plates are
connected together.
CAPACITANCE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT

To find the total value of


capacitance in a parallel
circuit, we will use this
formula:
CAPACITANCE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Determine the total capacitance in a parallel circuit containing


three capacitors whose values are 4.0 nF, 5pF, 1.25μF.

−9 −12 −6
𝐶 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =4.0 𝑥 10 +5.0 𝑥 10 +1.25 𝑥 10

F or 1.254005μF
THANK YOU 

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