Policy Propagation

Through BGP

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.

 Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to perform
the following tasks:
• Describe the basics of the Differentiated Services QoS
model
• Identify the issues of deploying DiffServ QoS model in
large-scale networks
• Configure and monitor QoS Policy Propagation via BGP
(QPPB)
• Describe the basics of Web Caching
• Identify the issues of deploying differentiated Web
Caching in large-scale networks
• Configure and monitor Web Caching Communication
Protocol (WCCP) Policy Redirection

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-2

 Quality of Service

• Accelerating the deployment of network services, by

enabling predictable response for application traffic
and service requirements
• Best-effort IP delivery is not good enough for all
applications and services. Some services or
applications need:
• Guaranteed bandwidth
• Low and predictable delay
• Limited bandwidth
• Requires BGP for propagation of classes of services

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-3

 Web Caching

• Used to improve throughput and

response times of frequently visited
web pages
• Requires BGP for advanced web
caching designs with multiple clusters
of web cache devices

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-4

 Large-Scale IP Quality of
Service Overview

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Policy Propagation Through BGP-5

 Objectives

Upon completion of this section, you will be

able to perform the following tasks:
• Describe components of the Differentiated
Services (DiffServ) IP QoS model
• Describe the role of IP Precedence in DiffServ
model
• Describe the role of QoS group in Cisco’s QoS
implementation
• List the QoS components deployed between the
Service Provider and a customer
• Identify the challenges of deploying large-scale
QoS solutions
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-6
 QoS Conceptual Models

• Two conceptual models developed

within IETF
• Integrated Services (IntServ)
• Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
• IntServ model does not scale
• New IP QoS mechanisms are available
in IOS to support the DiffServ model in
large environments

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-7

 DiffServ Overview

• The main goal of DiffServ is to provide a

scalable IP QoS framework
• Defined by IETF’s RFC2475; An architecture
for DiffServ
• Complex traffic classification, marking, and
conditioning is performed at network edge
resulting in a per-packet Differentiated
Services Code Point (DSCP)
• Core only performs ‘simple’ operations based
on DSCP

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-8

 Predefined DiffServ Service
Classes
Assured Forwarding
• RFC 2597
• Guarantees bandwidth to a class
• Four standard classes
Expedited Forwarding
• RFC 2598
• Guarantees the lowest possible delay
• One standard class

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-9

 QoS Building Blocks within
Cisco IOS
EDGE: Marking is only performed at
Input Meter
network edge. Based on initial
classification a router can mark IP
Input packets with DSCP, IP precedence
Classify Mark Police
Interface or QoS group

Forward CORE: Queuing, scheduling

EDGE: DiffServ model uses and dropping is influenced
complex classification on by the simple classification
network edges (i.e. access
lists)
Meter Output
CORE: Classification in Output
the core is based on Classify Mark Police Queue
Interface
DSCP, IP precedence or
QoS group

• Edge classification is the most difficult task in

large environments
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-10
 Marking of IP Packets

• IP precedence – high-order three bits in

the Type of Service field in the IP header
• Diffserv Code Point (DSCP) – high order
six bits in DS Field (RFC 2474, former
ToS field)
• QoS group – internal tagging of packets
in routers (requires reclassification on
every hop)

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-11

 Class Markers

IP packets in router’s memory are stored in fixed-length “buffers”

Buffer Frame IP
header header IP packet
header

IP precedence or DSCP
QoS group (information is lost once the
packet leaves the router)

• IP precedence – 3 bits (8 classes)

• DSCP – 6 bits (64 classes)
• QoS group – 100 classes
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-12
 QoS Functions

• Guaranteeing quality of service for:

• Applications (usually identified by TCP or
UDP port numbers)
• Services (usually identified by IP addresses
or IP networks)
• Service providers, as the name says,
provide services and can also guarantee
a certain level of quality to these
services

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-13

 Example – Classifying
Outgoing Traffic

ISP2
ISP2
EDGE:
classification is
simple – based on
source interface
Service
Service
EDGE (and CORE): Provider
Provider
queuing and
scheduling based on
the marking (IP
precedence or DSCP)
Customer
Customer

• Customer wants guaranteed bandwidth

to and from the Internet (ISP2)
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-14
 Example – Classifying
Incoming Traffic

ISP2
ISP2

EDGE: classification is Service

impossible in large Service
networks; using Provider
Provider
access list does not
scale

Customer
Customer

• Customer wants guaranteed bandwidth

to and from the Internet (ISP2)
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-15
 IP QoS Edge Mechanisms

• Admission control and policing

• Inbound Committed Access Rate (CAR) filters:
per interface, IP ACL, or MAC address
• Packet classification and marking
• CAR filters or BGP-based CEF marking
• Global marking (IP precedence or DSCP field)
• Local marking (QoS group within the router)

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-16

 IP QoS Core Mechanisms

Queuing
• Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) influenced by IP
precedence
• Class-based WFQ (very fast custom queuing
based on IP precedence or QoS group)
Congestion management
• Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)
influenced by IP precedence

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-17

 Summary

After completing this section, you should be able to

perform the following tasks:
• Describe components of Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
IP QoS model
• Describe the role of IP Precedence in DiffServ model
• Describe the role of QoS group in Cisco’s QoS
implementation
• List the QoS components deployed between the Service
Provider and a customer
• Identify the challenges of deploying large-scale QoS
solutions

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-18

 Review Questions

• Name the two predefined DiffServ service

classes
• Name some QoS mechanisms available in the
IOS
• Which QoS markers are available in the IOS?
• How can we mark IP packets with the help of
BGP?

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-19

 BGP Driven QoS Marking

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Policy Propagation Through BGP-20

 Objectives

Upon completion of this section, you will be able to

perform the following tasks:
• Describe the Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching
mechanism
• Describe the QoS packet classification and marking with
CEF
• Describe the role of BGP in CEF-based QoS marking
• Configure QoS Policy Propagation with BGP (QPPB)
• Monitor and troubleshoot QPPB
• Deploy QPPB in large-scale BGP-based networks

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-21

 QPPB Requirements

QoS Policy Propagation through BGP

requires the following:
• Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF switching)
• BGP
• Cisco 7200, 7500, or 12000
• Cisco IOS release 11.1CC, 12.0, or later

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-22

 Review: Standard IP Switching
Address Prefix AS-Path Next hop Communities Other attr.
BGP Table 10.0.0.0 /8 42 13 1.2.3.4 37:12
... ... ... ... ... ...

Protocol Address Prefix Next-hop Outgoing interface

IP Routing
BGP 10.0.0.0 /8 1.2.3.4 ---
Table
conn. 1.2.3.0 /24 --- Ethernet 0

Address Prefix L2 header

Switching
10.0.0.0 /8 MAC header
Cache
... ... ...

IP address MAC address

ARP Cache 1.2.3.4 0c.00.11.22.33.44
... ...
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-23
 Review: CEF Switching
Address Prefix AS-Path Next hop Communities Other attr.
BGP Table 10.0.0.0 /8 42 13 1.2.3.4 37:12
... ... ... ... ... ...

Protocol Address Prefix Next-hop Outgoing interface

IP Routing
BGP 10.0.0.0 /8 1.2.3.4 ---
Table
OSPF 1.2.3.0 /24 1.5.4.1 Ethernet 0
conn. 1.5.4.0 /24 --- Ethernet 0

FIB Table Address Prefix Adjacency pointer

(CEF 10.0.0.0 /8 1.5.4.1
Cache) ... ... ...

ARP cache
IP address Layer 2 header IP address MAC address
Adjacency
1.5.4.1 MAC header 1.5.4.1 0c.00.11.22.33.44
Table
... ... ... ...

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-24

 CEF Switching with QoS
Packet Marking
Address Prefix AS-Path Next hop Communities Other attr.
BGP Table 10.0.0.0 /8 42 13 1.2.3.4 37:12
... ... ... ... ... ...

BGP table map

Protocol Address Prefix Next-hop Outgoing interface Precedence QoS group

IP Routing
BGP 10.0.0.0 /8 1.2.3.4 --- 3 7
Table
OSPF 1.2.3.0 /24 1.5.4.1 Ethernet 0 --- ---
conn. 1.5.4.0 /24 --- Ethernet 0 --- ---

FIB Table Address Prefix Adjacency pointer Precedence QoS group

(CEF 10.0.0.0 /8 1.5.4.1 3 7
Cache) ... ... ... ... ...

ARP cache
IP address Layer 2 header IP address MAC address
Adjacency
1.5.4.1 MAC header 1.5.4.1 0c.00.11.22.33.44
Table
... ... ... ...

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-25

 QoS Packet Marking with CEF

• Mark the routes in the BGP table

• Use BGP communities, AS paths, IP prefixes,
or any other BGP attributes
• Set IP precedence or QoS group in IP
routing table and FIB table
• Enable CEF packet marking on interface

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-26

 Set IP Precedence or QoS Group
in the IP Routing Table and FIB
Router(config-router)#

table-map route-map-name
• Specifies the route map used to set additional
routing table attributes

Router(config)#

route-map name permit seq

set ip precedence precedence
set ip qos-group group

• Specifies IP precedence and QoS group values in

the routing table/FIB table entry

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-27

 Enable Per-Interface Packet
Marking
Router(config-if)#

bgp-policy source ip-prec-map

• Applied to packets received through this interface
• Uses FIB to map packet source IP address to IP
precedence
• Rewrites IP precedence in the packet
Router#

bgp-policy source ip-qos-map

• Applied to packets received through this interface
• Uses FIB to map packet source IP address to QoS
group
• QoS group attached to the incoming packet
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-28
 Enable Per-Interface Packet
Marking (cont.)
Router(config-if)#

bgp-policy destination ip-prec-map

• Applied to packets received through this interface
• Uses FIB to map packet destination IP address to IP
precedence
• Rewrites IP precedence in the packet
Router#

bgp-policy destination ip-qos-map

• Applied to packets received through this interface
• Uses FIB to map packet destination IP address to
QoS group
• QoS group attached to the incoming packet
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-29
 Monitoring and
Troubleshooting QPPB
router#
show ip cef [prefix] [detail]
• Detailed CEF output shows the IP precedence value
Router#show ip cef 10.1.1.0 detail
10.1.1.0/24, version 12, cached adjacency to Serial0/0.1
0 packets, 0 bytes, Precedence flash (3)
via 10.3.0.2, 0 dependencies, recursive
next hop 10.3.0.2, Serial0/0.1 via 10.3.0.0/30
valid cached adjacency
Router#

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-30

 Monitoring and
Troubleshooting QPPB (cont.)
router#
show ip interface [interface]
• Shows whether QPPB is enabled on an interface
Router#show ip interface
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 10.3.0.2/30
Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255
...
Policy routing is disabled
Network address translation is disabled
WCCP Redirect outbound is disabled
WCCP Redirect inbound is disabled
WCCP Redirect exclude is disabled
BGP Policy Mapping is enabled (output ip-prec-map)

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-31

 IP QoS Case Study

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS 12 (AS 73)

• Customer in AS 73 is a Premium customer

• All packets to and from AS 73 shall be sent
with precedence flash

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-32

 Step #1
Distribute QoS Functions

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS 12 (AS 73)

Packets for AS73

marked with
precedence flash

Packets from serial

interface marked with
precedence flash

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-33

 Step #2
Select QoS Mechanisms

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS 12 (AS 73)
CEF-based marking
Packets for AS73
marked with
precedence flash
Inbound CAR filter on interface
Packets from serial
interface marked with
precedence flash

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-34

 Step #3 - Design Individual QoS
Mechanisms (CEF Marking)
Mark BGP routes from AS 73
with special community (12:17)

Configure community propagation

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS Set
12 FIB table(AS 73) on
based
BGP community

Configure CEF packet marking

for packets coming from adjacent AS
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-35
 Mark Routes Coming from
AS73

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS 12 (AS 73)

router bgp 12
neighbor 1.2.3.4 remote-as 73
neighbor 1.2.3.4 route-map Premium in
!
route-map Premium permit 10
set community 12:17 additive

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-36

 Configure Community
Propagation

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS 12 (AS 73)

router bgp 12
neighbor 2.3.4.5 remote-as 12
neighbor 2.3.4.5 send-community

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-37

 Set FIB Table Based on BGP
Community

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
router bgp 12
AS 24 AS 12
table-map PremiumCheck (AS 73)
!
route-map PremiumCheck permit 10
match community 17
set ip precedence flash
!
route-map PremiumCheck permit 20
set ip precedence 0
!
ip community-list 17 permit 12:17

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-38

 Configure CEF Packet Marking

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS 12 (AS 73)

ip cef switch
!
interface hssi 0/0
bgp-policy destination ip-prec-map
ip route-cache cef

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-39

 IP QoS and BGP Interaction
Review
• IP QoS features work independently of
BGP routing
• BGP is used only to propagate policies
for source or destination IP prefixes
through the network

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-40

 Summary

After completing this section, you should be able to

perform the following tasks:
• Describe the Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching
mechanism
• Describe the QoS packet classification and marking with
CEF
• Describe the role of BGP in CEF-based QoS marking
• Configure QoS Policy Propagation with BGP (QPPB)
• Monitor and troubleshoot QPPB
• Deploy QPPB in large-scale BGP-based networks

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-41

 Review Questions

• What is a FIB table?

• How is BGP information translated into QoS
information in the FIB table?
• Describe the configuration steps for QPPB
• How many CEF lookups are performed for
each packet when QPPB is enabled?

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-42

 Overview of Web Caching in
Large Networks

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Policy Propagation Through BGP-43

 Objectives

Upon completion of this section, you will be able to

perform the following tasks:
• Describe Web Caching components
• Describe the need for differentiated Web Caching behavior
• Identify the challenges of deploying differentiated Web
Caching behavior in large-scale networks

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-44

 What is Web Caching?

• Web Caching is a technology used

primarily to intercepts HTTP requests
and serve them locally
• A web cache stores the information for
further requests for the same content
• Web Cache Communication Protocol
(WCCP) is a protocol used between a
router and a web cache

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-45

 Web Caching Example

Redirect

http://acme.com

c om
e.
http://acme.com cm
.a
w
w
Web w
www.acme.com
W
W W
W W
W

Server
Web Cache

• Access to non-cached web page

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-46

 Web Caching Example (cont.)

Redirect

ht t
p:/
/a cm
e.c
om

Web W
W W
W W
W

www.acme.com
Server The web cache device Web Cache
only needs to validate
the web page

• Access to cached web page

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-47

 Why Web Caching?

Poor response times

ISP2
ISP2 because of congestion
and distance

Service
Service
Not enough Provider
Provider
bandwidth to
accomodate all
requests

• Among a large number of HTTP requests, many target a small

number of most visited web pages
• Using a web cache can improve throughput and response times
• Estimate: 70% is web traffic and 50% of it is duplicate

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-48

 Web Cache Design Options
• What to cache:
• which sources or destinations should be serviced by a
caching device;
• which applications should be serviced by a caching device
- WCCP version 2 supports port numbers other than 80
• Where to cache (at ingress, egress or both)
• Do we need to provide differentiated quality of
service for web traffic originating from customers
using different classes of service

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-49

 Where to cache

ISP2
ISP2 A service provider
may deploy a large
number of caching Customers
WW
WWW
WW W
WW devices on ingress may use their
points (POPs) own caching
A service provider Service
Service devices or
may deploy a small Provider proxies
number of caching
Provider
devices on egress WW
WWW
WW W
WW
points (close to WW
WWW

NAPs) A service provider may

WW
WWW
WW W
WW
WW
WWW deploy caching in front of Customer
its web server farm to Customer
offload static content to
caching devices
• Caching should be implemented as close to the source (customer or web
server farm) as possible
• Caching devices may be located further away form the source (i.e. due to cost
involved with a large number of caching devices)

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-50

 Differentiated Web Caching

• WCCP design options:

• Caching for all users
• Caching for some users (requires an access list)
• Grouping users into caching clusters (requires
multiple access lists)
• The first option is simple to configure
• The other two require access lists to identify
users. It is difficult to maintain accurate
access lists and is, therefore, not scalable

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-51

 Summary

After completing this section, you should be able to

perform the following tasks:
• Describe Web Caching components
• Explain the need for differentiated Web Caching behavior
• Identify the challenges of deploying differentiated Web
Caching behavior in large-scale networks

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-52

 Review Questions

• What is the purpose of web caching?

• How can web caching affect other QoS
features implemented in a network?
• What is WCCP?
• What are the problems of setting up standard
web caching?

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-53

 WCCP Policy Redirection

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Policy Propagation Through BGP-54

 Objectives

Upon completion of this section, you will be able to

perform the following tasks:
• Describe the differentiated Web Caching mechanism
controlled by the BGP table
• Configure WCCP Policy Redirection
• Monitor and troubleshoot WCCP Policy Redirection
• Deploy WCCP Policy Redirection in large-scale BGP-based
networks

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-55

 WCCP Policy Redirection

• BGP provides a scalable solution for

classifying packets and Web Cache users
• There may be multiple classes of networks
assigned to different web caching clusters
• Web cache clusters may have different
services enabled
• Web cache clusters may have different QoS
guarantees

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-56

 Customer Driven WCCP Policy
Redirection

WW W
10/8 12:10 10/8 12:10
WW

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS 12 (AS 73)
BGP community 12:10 Customers network
is translated into carries BGP
internal WCCP tag 1 community 12:10

• A decision whether to use a web cache can be left to a customer

• A customer can use BGP communities to choose the caching
option

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-57

 Provider Driven WCCP Policy
Redirection

WW W
10/8 12:10 10/8
WW

WAN Core
NAP Router NAP Router POP Router
Customer
AS 24 AS 12 (AS 73)
BGP community 12:10 A service provider assigns
is translated into a customer to a class
internal WCCP tag 1 according to an SLA

• A decision whether to use a web cache for a specific customer is

determined by the ISP according to the SLA
• The service provider sets the appropriate BGP community attribute

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-58

 Configuring WCCP Policy
Propagation
Router(config)#
route-map name permit seq
match ...
set ip wccp policy-tag
• Set the policy tag within a route map

Router(config-router)#
table-map name

• Apply a route map to updates going from the BGP

table into the routing table

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-59

 Configuring WCCP Policy
Propagation (cont.)
Router(config)#

ip wccp version 2
• WCCP policy redirection works if WCCP version 2
is used

Router(config)#

ip wccp web-cache policy {source | destination} policy-tag

or
ip wccp service-tag policy {source | destination} policy-tag

• Enables web caching for packets with source or

destination matched in the FIB table if the packets
have corresponding policy tags
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-60
 Configuring WCCP Policy
Propagation (cont.)
Router(config-if)#

ip wccp web-cache redirect {in | out}

or
ip wccp service-tag redirect {in | out}

• Enables web caching on an interface

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-61

 Monitoring WCCP Policy
Redirection
router#
show ip cef [prefix] [detail]
• Detailed CEF output shows WCCP tags
Router#show ip cef 10.1.1.0 detail
10.1.1.0/24, version 35, cached adjacency to Serial0/0.1
0 packets, 0 bytes, wccp tag 1
via 10.3.0.2, 0 dependencies, recursive
next hop 10.3.0.2, Serial0/0.1 via 10.3.0.0/30
valid cached adjacency
Router#

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-62

 Monitoring WCCP Policy
Redirection (cont.)
router#
show ip interface [interface]
• Shows whether WCCP is enabled on an interface
Router#show ip interface
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 10.3.0.2/30
Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255
...
Policy routing is disabled
Network address translation is disabled
WCCP Redirect outbound is enabled
WCCP Redirect inbound is disabled
WCCP Redirect exclude is disabled
…

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-63

 WCCP Policy Redirection
Case Study
• A service provider has three types of users:
• Dial-up users
• Best-effort users
• Premium users
• Each group is assigned to a separate cluster
of web cache devices
• A Premium customer is allowed to disable
web caching

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-64

 Case Study - Design

Service BGP Community

Dial-up Users 387:1x0x
Best Effort Users 387:1x1x
Premium Users 387:1x2x
No Caching 387:1x3x
• The service provider uses four digits in BGP communities
• The third digit is used for web caching options

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-65

 Case Study – Network Layout

WCCP Policy
ISP2
ISP2 Redirection based Premium
on BGP customer is
communities marked with
387:1020 if not
AS
AS387
387 already marked
W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W
with 387:1030

Dial-up pools are

Premium
inserted into BGP Premium
Customer
and marked with Customer

387:1000 PSTN
PSTN/ /Best-effort
ISDN Best-
Best-
ISDN customer is effort
effort
marked with Customer
Customer
387:1010

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-66

 Case Study – Dial-up Users

ip local pool DIALUP 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.254

ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 null 0
ISP2
ISP2 !
router bgp 387
network 192.168.10.0 route-map SetCommunity
!
route-map SetCommunity permit 10
set community 387:1000
! AS
AS387387
W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W

Premium
Premium
Customer
Customer
PSTN
PSTN/ /
ISDN Best-
Best-
ISDN effort
effort
Customer
Customer

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-67

 Case Study – Best-effort Users
ip route 200.200.200.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0 tag
1010
!
ISP2
ISP2 router bgp 387
redistribute static route-map BestEffort
!
route-map BestEffort permit 10
match tag 1010
set communityAS 387:1010
387
set origin igpAS 387
W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W
!
W
W W
W W
W

Premium
Premium
Customer
Customer
PSTN
PSTN/ /
ISDN Best-
Best-
ISDN effort
effort
Customer
Customer

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-68

 Case Study – Premium Users

! Static Premium Customer route-map StaticPremium permit 10

ip route 150.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0 tag 1020 match tag 1020
ISP2
!
ISP2 set community 387:1020
router bgp 387 set origin igp
redistribute static route-map Premium !
neighbor 192.168.1.2 remote-as 65001 route-map BGPPremium permit 10
neighbor 192.168.1.2 description BGP Premium match community 120
neighbor 192.168.1.2 route-map Premium in !
! AS
AS387
387 route-map BGPPremium permit 20
W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W
set community 387:1020
!
ip community-list 120 permit _387:..3._

Premium
Premium
Customer
Customer
PSTN
PSTN/ /
ISDN Best-
Best-
ISDN effort
effort
Customer
Customer

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-69

 Case Study – Policy
Redirection
router bgp 387 ip cef
table-map WCCP_PP !
! ip wccp version 2
ISP2
ISP2 route-map WCCP_PP permit 10 ip wccp 1 policy source 1
match community 100 ip wccp 2 policy source 2
set ip wccp 1 ip wccp 3 policy source 3
! !
route-map WCCP_PP permit 20 interface hssi1/0
match community 101 ip wccp 1 redirect out
AS 387
set ip wccp 2 AS 387 ip wccp 2 redirect out
W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W
! W
W W
W W
W
ip wccp 3 redirect out
route-map WCCP_PP permit 30 !
match community 102
set ip wccp 3
!
Premium
Premium
route-map WCCP_PP permit 1000
Customer
Customer
!
ip community-list
PSTN / / 100 permit _387:..0._
PSTN
ip community-list 101 permit _387:..1._
ISDN Best-
Best-
ISDN
ip community-list 102 permit _387:..2._ effort
effort
Customer
Customer

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-70

 Summary

After completing this section, you should be able to

perform the following tasks:
• Describe the differentiated Web Caching mechanism
controlled by the BGP table
• Configure WCCP Policy Redirection
• Monitor and troubleshoot WCCP Policy Redirection
• Deploy WCCP Policy Redirection in large-scale BGP-based
networks

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-71

 Review Questions

• What is the purpose of using BGP for WCCP

policy propagation?
• What is a WCCP tag?
• What is the relation between BGP attributes
and WCCP tags?
• List the configuration steps to enable WCCP
based on BGP attributes.

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-72

 Summary
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
perform the following tasks:
• Describe the basics of the Differentiated Services QoS model
• Identify the issues of deploying DiffServ QoS model in large-
scale networks
• Configure and monitor QoS Policy Propagation via BGP
(QPPB)
• Describe the basics of Web Caching
• Identify the issues of deploying differentiated Web Caching in
large-scale networks
• Configure and monitor Web Caching Communication
Protocol (WCCP) Policy Redirection

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-73

© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Policy Propagation Through BGP-74