RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
(APPROVED BY AICTE,AFFILIATED TO JNTU(GV),ACCEREDITED BY NBA & NAAC)
DAKKAMARI, VISAKHAPATNAM

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Y.B.R.U
VAISHNAVI(21981A05J2)
DECLARATION OF THE INTERNSHIP
CONTENTS
I.INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING
2.MODULES OF LEARNING
• OBJECTIVES
• DESCRIPTION
3.PROJECT BASED LEARNING
4.CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING
• Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence
(AI) focused on developing algorithms that enable
computers to learn from and make decisions based on data.
• Unlike traditional programming, where a system follows
explicit instructions, machine learning allows systems to
identify patterns, adapt to new data, and improve
performance over time without being explicitly
programmed.
• Machine learning is broadly classified based on results it
generates is it to predict or to find a pattern which is imbed
into the dataset.
WHERE IS MACHINE LEARNING USED ?

Machine learning(ML) is widely used in the fields

where data creates wealth, where data is the
leverage point for businesses over their
customers/consumers
1.Shopping/Business industry
2.Medical Industry
3.Stock Markets
4.Real Estate
5.Educational Industry
 MODULE:1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

OBJECTIVES:

1.INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
2.WHY IS PYTHON USED IN ML
3. WHAT ARE THE BASIC DATATYPES IN
PYTHON
4.WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF PYTHON
 INTRODUCTION TO
What is Python? PYTHON
• Python is a high level programming language
• Python is an interpreted, dynamically typed programming
language known for its emphasis on code readability and
simplicity.
With it’s cross capabilities and strong community support it’s
used in following:
WHY PYTHON IS USED IN ML?
• The language provides extensive standard
libraries and frameworks, making it suitable
for a wide range of applications, from data
analysis to artificial intelligence.
• Python adheres to the principles outlined in
the Zen of Python, promoting simplicity and
clarity in coding practices.
• It’s highly readable and friendly language for
beginners in the industry
• it’s also scalable and platform independent.
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
1.Integers/Real Numbers/Complex Numbers
2.Lists-[ ]
3.Sets-{ }
4.Dictionaries-{key:value,.....}
5.Strings
all these are some of the data types in Python, these
are used further in Machine learning(ML).
all these data types have methods and functionalities
to interact with the data.
 MODULE 2: OOPS IN
PYTHON
OBJECTIVES:

1.PILLARS OF
OOPS
2.OOPS IN
PYTHON
3.DEMONSTRATIO
NS
 PILLARS OF
OOPS:
OOPS OR OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING IS ONE OF THE
PARADIGM OF PROGRAMMING WHERE EVERY ENTITY IS
TREATED AS OBJECTS OR INSTANCES OF A BLUEPRINT
CALLED CLASS
THOSE ARE THE FOLLOWING:
1.ENCAPSULATIO
N
2.ABSTRACTION
3.POLYMORPHIS
M
4.INHERITENCE
 OOPS IN
PYTHON: PROGRAMMING (OOP) IN PYTHON IS A
OBJECTORIENTED
PROGRAMMING PARADIGM CENTRED AROUND OBJECTS, WHICH
ENCAPSULATE DATA AND BEHAVIOUR.
1. ENCAPSULATION: BUNDLING DATA (ATTRIBUTES) AND
METHODS (FUNCTIONS) THAT OPERATE ON THE DATA INTO A
SINGLE UNIT, OR OBJECT.
2. ABSTRACTION : SIMPLIFYING COMPLEX SYSTEMS BY
EXPOSING ONLY THE RELEVANT ATTRIBUTES AND METHODS
3. INHERITANCE: ENABLING A NEW CLASS (SUBCLASS) TO
INHERIT ATTRIBUTES AND METHODS FROM AN EXISTING CLASS
4.POLYMORPHISM: ALLOWING DIFFERENT CLASSES TO BE
TREATED AS INSTANCES OF THE SAME CLASS THROUGH A
COMMON INTERFACE,
ENCAPSULATIO
N
HERE THE ATTRIBUTE __BALANCE
CANNOT BE ACCESSED DIRECTLY BY
THE ACCOUNT OBJECT AS THERE IT’S A
PRIVATE ATTRIBUTE AND TRYING TO
ACCESS GIVES AN ATTRIBUTEERROR.
THIS IS THE ENCAPSULATION
PROPERTY .
INHERITANC
E
IN THIS SMAPLE CODE WE CAN
SEE A CHILD IS INHERITING A
PARENT CLASS AND OBJECT C
IS A CHILD CLASS WHEN HAS
BOTH GREET AND SPEAK
METHODS
POLYMORPHSI
M
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF
POLYMORPHISM
1.METHOD OVERLOADING
2.METHOD OVERRIDING
HERE WE CAN SEE THERE IS
METHOD OVERLOADING
TAKING PLACE
 MODULE 3: PANDAS,NUMPY LIBRARIES
INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE:

1. INTRODUCTION TO NUMPY
2. INTRODUCTION TO PANDAS
3. APPLICATIONS OF THESE LIBRARIES
NUMPY
INTRODUCTION :
NUMPY (NUMERICAL PYTHON) IS A FUNDAMENTAL LIBRARY FOR
SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING IN PYTHON. IT PROVIDES SUPPORT FOR
ARRAYS, MATRICES, AND A VARIETY OF MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
TO OPERATE ON THESE DATA STRUCTURES.
NDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS :
NUMPY'S PRIMARY FEATURE IS ITS POWERFUL NDIMENSIONAL ARRAY
OBJECT CALLED NDARRAY , WHICH ALLOWS FOR EFFICIENT STORAGE
AND MANIPULATION OF LARGE DATASETS.
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS : NUMPY OFFERS A WIDE RANGE OF
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS FOR OPERATIONS LIKE LINEAR ALGEBRA,
FOURIER TRANSFORMS, AND STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS.
 PANDAS
INTRODUCTION :
PANDAS IS A POWERFUL DATA MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS
LIBRARY THAT PROVIDES DATA STRUCTURES LIKE SERIES AND
DATAFRAMES, WHICH ARE BUILT ON TOP OF NUMPY.
DATAFRAMES :
TWODIMENSIONAL LABELLED DATA STRUCTURE, SIMILAR TO A
SPREADSHEET OR SQL TABLE, WHICH ALLOWS FOR EASY DATA
MANIPULATION.
DATA CLEANING AND PREPARATION :
TOOLS FOR HANDLING MISSING DATA, FILTERING, AND RESHAPING
DATASETS.
USE IN MACHINE LEARNING :
DATA HANDLING :
PANDAS IS OFTEN USED FOR DATA LOADING, CLEANING, AND
PREPARATION, WHICH ARE CRITICAL STEPS IN THE MACHINE
LEARNING WORKFLOW.
EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS (EDA) :
PROVIDES FUNCTIONALITIES TO ANALYZE AND VISUALIZE DATA,
HELPING TO UNDERSTAND PATTERNS AND INSIGHTS BEFORE
APPLYING MACHINE LEARNING MODELS.
FEATURE ENGINEERING : PANDAS MAKES IT EASY TO CREATE,
TRANSFORM, AND MANIPULATE FEATURES THAT CAN BE USED AS
INPUTS TO MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS.
 MODULE 4: DATA
OBJECTIVE:
ANALYSIS

1.FUNCTIO
N
2.FORMUL
A
3.CHARTS
4.PIVOTS
DATA ANALYSIS IS AN IMPORTANT PRIMARY TASK TO UNDERSTAND
BASIC STATISTICAL PARAMETERS WHICH COULD GIVE US
ATTRIBUTES AND PARAMETERS TO CONSIDER TO PREDICT THE
MOVEMENT OF THE OVERALL DATA IN ANY PERIOD OF TIME.
DATA ANALYSIS REQUIRES SOME SOFTWARE TOOLS OR
KNOWLEDGE TO HADLE DATA THROUGH SCRIPTING.
FUNCTION: IN EXCEL, A FUNCTION IS A PREDEFINED FORMULA
THAT PERFORMS CALCULATIONS OR OPERATIONS ON DATA.
FUNCTIONS CAN TAKE ONE OR MORE ARGUMENTS (INPUTS) AND
RETURN A SINGLE RESULT.
EX: SUM, AVG,MAX....
CHARTS: CHARTS IN EXCEL ARE POWERFUL TOOLS FOR VISUALLY
REPRESENTING DATA, MAKING IT EASIER TO IDENTIFY TRENDS,
PATTERNS, AND COMPARISONS. EXCEL OFFERS A VARIETY OF CHART
TYPES, EACH SUITED FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS. THE
TYPES OF CHARTS: 1.COLUMN CHART
2.BAR CHART
3.PIE CHART
4.LINE CHART
5.SCATTER PLOT
 MODULE 5: INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE:

1.INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

2.EVOLUTION OF MACHINE LEARNING
3.WHY PYTHON? LIBRARIES AND FRAMEWORKS
FOR ML
MACHINE LEARNING:
MACHINE LEARNING IS A SUBSET OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
THAT FOCUSES ON DEVELOPING ALGORITHMS THAT ENABLE
COMPUTERS TO LEARN FROM AND MAKE PREDICTIONS OR
DECISIONS BASED ON DATA. INSTEAD OF BEING EXPLICITLY
PROGRAMMED FOR A TASK, MACHINE LEARNING SYSTEMS IMPROVE
THEIR PERFORMANCE AS THEY ARE EXPOSED TO MORE DATA OVER
TIME.
THE TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING:
1. SUPERVISED LEARNING
2. UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
3. REINFORCEMENT LEARNING:
EVOLUTION OF MACHINE
LEARNING: ML IS AN AGE OLD
WAY TO
UNDERSTAND
OHOW DOES
NUMBERS CREATE
PATTERNS
LIBRARIES AND FRAMEWORKS IN PYTHON FOR
LIBRARIES: ML
THESE MENTIONED LIBRARIES
1.NUMPY
ARE SOME OF THE MOST
2.PANDAS
POPULAR AND OFTEN USED IN
3.MATPLOTLIB
THE ML MODELS AND PROJECTS.
4.SEABORN
5.SCIKIT
FRAMEWORK
S:
1.TENSORFLO
W
2.PYTORCH
 MODULE 6: APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:

1.MACHINE LEARNING
RESPONSIBILITIES
2.APPLICATION OF MACHINE
LEARNING
3.PROCESS OF MACHINE LEARNING
4.POPULAR ALGORITHMS IN ML
THESE ARE THE RESULTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES THAT ARE
EXPECTED OF MACHINE LEARNING
1. IMPROVED DECISION-MAKING
2. AUTOMATION OF TASKS
3. PERSONALIZATION
4. PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS
5. ADVANCEMENTS IN HEALTHCARE
6. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
7. AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
8. ETHICAL AND FAIR AI
9. ENHANCED SECURITY
10.RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS OF MACINE
LEARNING: THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE
RESULTS DEPEND ON THE
QUALITY OF THE DATA INPUT
AND DIVERSITY OF THE
INFORMATION , WHICH WOULD
AFFECT THE CAPABILITY OF
THE ML MODEL
POPULAR ALGORITHMS IN ML:
1. LINEAR REGRESSION
2. LOGISTIC REGRESSION
3. DECISION TREE
4. SVM
5. NAIVE BAYES
6. KNN
7. K-MEANS
8. RANDOM FOREST
9. DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION
ALGORITHMS
 MODULE 7: SUPERVISED & UNSUPERVISED
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

1.SUPERVISED LEARNING
2.UNSUPERVISED
LEARNING
3.ALGORITHMS
SUPERVISED LEARNING :
THE MODEL IS TRAINED ON LABELLED DATA, MEANING THE
INPUT DATA IS PAIRED WITH THE CORRECT OUTPUT. HERE WE
HAVE THE IDEA OF THE POSSIBLE OUTPUTS AND POSSIBLE
INPUTS, GIVING US A CLOSED DOMAIN FOR THE DATA
THERE ARE BASICALLY TYPES OF SUPERVISED LEARNING:
CLASSIFICATION : ASSIGNING CATEGORIES TO DATA POINTS
(E.G., EMAIL SPAM DETECTION).
REGRESSION : PREDICTING CONTINUOUS VALUES (E.G., HOUSE
PRICE PREDICTION).
UNSUPERVISED LEARNING IS A TYPE OF MACHINE LEARNING IN WHICH
MODELS ARE TRAINED USING UNLABELED DATASET AND ARE ALLOWED
TO ACT ON THAT DATA WITHOUT ANY SUPERVISION.
CLUSTERING: CLUSTERING IS A METHOD
OF GROUPING THE OBJECTS INTO
CLUSTERS SUCH THAT OBJECTS WITH
MOST SIMILARITIES REMAINS INTO A
GROUP
ASSOCIATION: AN ASSOCIATION RULE IS
AN UNSUPERVISED LEARNING METHOD
WHICH IS USED FOR FINDING THE
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES
IN THE LARGE DATABASE.
ALGORITHMS ALGORITHMS IN
SUPERVISED LEARNING UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
• Linear Regression • K-means clustering
• Regression Trees • KNN (k-nearest
• Non-Linear neighbors)
Regression • Hierarchal clustering
• Bayesian Linear • Anomaly detection
Regression • Neural Networks
• Polynomial • Principle Component
Regression Analysis
• Random Forest • Independent Component
• Decision Trees Analysis
• Logistic Regression • Apriori algorithm
 MODULE 8: COMPUTER VISION AND CNN
(CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK)

OBJECTIVE:

1.COMPUTER VISION
2.CNN
3.PROCESS CNN
4.APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER VISION AND
CNN
COMPUTER VISION IS A FIELD THAT ENABLES MACHINES TO
INTERPRET AND UNDERSTAND VISUAL INFORMATION FROM THE
WORLD. IN MACHINE LEARNING, COMPUTER VISION ALGORITHMS
ARE USED TO ANALYZE AND MAKE DECISIONS BASED ON IMAGES
AND VIDEOS.

THE RELATION BETWEEN COMPUTER

VISISON AND CNN IS THEY ARE
INTERDEPENDED ON EACH OTEHR,
CNN IS THE BACKING ALGORITHMS
OF COMPUTER VISION
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS:
CNNS ARE A SPECIALIZED TYPE OF NEURAL NETWORK DESIGNED FOR
PROCESSING STRUCTURED GRID DATA, SUCH AS IMAGES. THEY HAVE
BECOME THE GO-TO ARCHITECTURE FOR IMAGE RECOGNITION AND
COMPUTER VISION TASKS DUE TO THEIR ABILITY TO AUTOMATICALLY
LEARN SPATIAL HIERARCHIES OF FEATURES
 APPLICATIONS OF CNN AND COMPUTER
VISION
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION : CLASSIFYING IMAGES INTO CATEGORIES
(E.G., IDENTIFYING OBJECTS IN PHOTOS).
OBJECT DETECTION : LOCATING AND IDENTIFYING OBJECTS WITHIN
AN IMAGE (E.G., BOUNDING BOXES AROUND DETECTED OBJECTS).
IMAGE SEGMENTATION : DIVIDING AN IMAGE INTO SEGMENTS TO
CLASSIFY EACH PART (E.G., IDENTIFYING DIFFERENT REGIONS IN A
MEDICAL IMAGE).
FACIAL RECOGNITION : RECOGNIZING AND VERIFYING FACES IN
IMAGES
MODULE 9: REAL TIME OBJECT DETECTION USING
YOLO,YOLOV3 ALGORITHM

OBJECTIVE:

1.COMPUTER VISION APPLICATION

2.REAL TIME OBJECT DETECTION YOLO
ALGO
3.PROCESS OF DETECTION
COMPUTER VISION APPLICATION: REAL TIME OF DETECTION AND
RECOGNITION ARE QUITE VALUABLE IN THE ASPECT OF BUSINESS
APPLICATIONS.
TRADITIONAL METHODS
HAAR CASCADES :
A MACHINE LEARNING OBJECT DETECTION METHOD THAT USES A CASCADE
OF CLASSIFIERS TO IDENTIFY OBJECTS BASED ON FEATURES DERIVED FROM
HAAR-LIKE FEATURES. COMMONLY USED FOR FACE DETECTION.
SLIDING WINDOW : A METHOD THAT INVOLVES MOVING A FIXED-SIZE
WINDOW ACROSS THE IMAGE TO DETECT OBJECTS AT DIFFERENT SCALES. IT
IS COMPUTATIONALLY EXPENSIVE AND HAS LARGELY BEEN REPLACED BY
MORE EFFICIENT METHODS.
DEEP LEARNING METHODS
R-CNN (REGIONS WITH CNN FEATURES) : A PIONEERING APPROACH
THAT COMBINES REGION PROPOSAL METHODS WITH CNNS. IT
GENERATES REGION PROPOSALS AND THEN CLASSIFIES THEM USING
CNNS.
YOLO (YOU ONLY LOOK ONCE) : A REAL-TIME OBJECT DETECTION
SYSTEM THAT FRAMES DETECTION AS A SINGLE REGRESSION
PROBLEM, PREDICTING IT IS KNOWN FOR ITS SPEED AND EFFICIENCY.
BOUNDING BOX: COORDINATES (USUALLY IN THE FORM OF X, Y,
WIDTH, AND HEIGHT) AND IS DRAWN AROUND AN OBJECT OF
INTEREST IN AN IMAGE. IT INDICATES THE POSITION AND EXTENT OF
THE OBJECT.
YOU LOOK ONLY ONCE(YOLO)

SOME OF THE REASONS WHY YOLO IS

LEADING :
SPEED
DETECTION ACCURACY
GOOD GENERALIZATION
OPEN-SOURCE
THIS ALGORTIHM WORKS ON THE CONCEPT OF
BOUNDING BOXES WHICH ARE SUCCESSFULLY
USED TO DETECT THE PROBABLITY OF THE
OBJECT TO LAND IN THE BOXES AND
FIG-3:THE SPEED ANALYSIS ON CV
DETERMINE THE POSSIBLILTY OF IT BEING A
ALGOS
REAL LIFE OBJECT
MODULE 10: NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
(NLP)
OBJECTIVE:

1.INTRODUCTION TO
NLP
2.SUBSETS OF NLP
3.ALGORITHMS OF NLP
4.WORKING OF NLP
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING(NLP): NLP IS A SUBFIELD OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING FOCUSED ON THE INTERACTION
BETWEEN COMPUTERS AND HUMANS THROUGH NATURAL LANGUAGE. THE
GOAL OF NLP IS TO ENABLE MACHINES TO UNDERSTAND, INTERPRET,
GENERATE, AND RESPOND TO HUMAN LANGUAGE IN A MEANINGFUL WAY.
NLP IS THE WHOLE PROCESS OF TURNING UNSTRUCTURED DATA INTO
STRUCTURED DATA.
NLP CAN BE EXPRESSED AS THE TWO
TECHNOLOGIES, WHERE THE COMMON
LANGUAGE IS DIVIDED INTO STRUCTURED
LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE
SENTENCES WHICH COULD HELP THE
COMPUTER PREDICT THE SENTENCES AND
IMPROVE ITS MODEL. THE ABILITY TO
UNDERSTAND NATURAL LANGUAGE PAVES
A PATH TO MORE INVENTIONS SUCH AS
CHAT BOTS, VOICE RECOGNITION AND
VOICE ASSISTANTS.
 LINEAR REGRESSION IN MACHINE
WE ARE TO BE CREATINGLEARNING:
A MACHINE LEARNING LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL. YOU WILL BE ANALYSING A
HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION DATASET FOR FINDING OUT THE PRICE OF HOUSE ON DIFFERENT PARAMETERS.
YOU WILL DO EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS, SPLIT THE TRAINING AND TESTING DATA, MODEL EVALUATION
AND PREDICTIONS.
PROBLEM STATEMENT : A REAL ESTATE AGENT WANTS THE HELP TO PREDICT THE HOUSE PRICE FOR
REGIONS IN THE USA. HE GAVE YOU THE DATASET TO WORK ON AND YOU DECIDED TO USE THE LINEAR
REGRESSION MODEL. CREATE A MODEL WHICH WILL HELP HIM TO ESTIMATE WHAT THE HOUSE WOULD
SELL FOR. DATASET CONTAINS 7 COLUMNS AND 5000 ROWS WITH CSV EXTENSION.

REQUIREMENTS: PYTHON JUPYTER, 4-8GB RAM PC , EXCEL.

LIBRARIES: NUMPY,PANDAS, MATPLOTLIB,SKLEARN,SEABORN
REFERENCES: MODELLING HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION USING REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND
PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION CASE STUDY : MALANG, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA (IJSCSA).
CONCLUSION: FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DATA POINTS
WHICH IF FORMING THE LINE SHAPE INDICATES THE DATA IS
PERFORMING GOOD WITH THE LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL.
CONCLUSION
• This internship has covered all the prominent features of
Machine Learning and its applications in real life.
• Machine learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence and its idea
is built on the emphasis of pattern formation and prediction
which is associated with Deep Learning.
• Machine Learning is applicable to any form of data, whether it’s
image, numerical data, text, audio, or video, with the
mathematical relationship within this digital media, it’s
predictable to manipulate data and understand the underlying
patterns.
• Machine Learning is one of the earliest discovered concepts
which was majorly researched in the early 1950s to understand
patterns for facial recognition to distinguish between male and
female.
THANK
YOU