POLITICAL SCIENCE

AND THE STUDY OF

LESSON 4
POLITICS
 At the end of the Lesson the students
can;
1.Identify
At the end the subjects of inquirythe
of the module and students
goals of can;
political science.
2.1.Discuss the concept of power as an aspired value
Identify the subjects of inquiry and goals of political science.
in2.society.
Discuss the concept of power as an aspired value in society.
3.3.Recognize
Recognize thethe value
value of political
of political sciencescience incentury
in the 21st the
21st century.
What is Politics?
Politics
(from Greek: politiká, 'affairs of the cities') is the
set of activities that are associated with making
decisions in groups, or other forms of power
relations between individuals, such as the
distribution of resources or status.
 POLITICAL
Polis
SCIENCE Scire

city state in ancient

means to know
Greece
 The Political
activities within a
polis are later
termed as;
POLITI
KUS
The study of Political Science in very useful
and valuable. Its knowledge is essential and
useful to both the ruler and the ruled.
Imparting Knowledge of the
State:
The primary aim of the study of Political
Science is to inculcate knowledge of the State,
its origin, nature, structure and functions.
Knowledge about the State is of great
significance to modern man.
Imparting Knowledge of government and
administration:
The administrators, political leaders and
diplomats, who conduct the affairs of the State,
also require sound knowledge of Political Science
in order to perform their functions with efficiency.
Imparting Knowledge about
the world:
In order to know what is happening in the world around us
at least an elementary knowledge of political science is
necessary. In the modern age an individual cannot lead an
isolated life. Each country has to maintain relations with
other countries of the world.
Creation of democratic
values:
The study of Political Science is valuable for creating good
citizenship and securing unity of the nation. It makes citizens
conscious of national, objectives and goals. Laski said that good
citizenship implies “the contribution of one’s instructed judgment
to public good”. It can be developed by the study of political
science. Political Science teaches the lessons and virtues of good
citizenship
Lesson of co-operation and
toleration:
Political science also teaches the lesson of co-
operation, adjustment and toleration. Society cannot
prosper without cooperation. Man should learn how to
co-operate and adjust himself with his fellow-beings.
People of all walks of life should co-operate for the
better development of the country. Toleration is also
necessary in society
 Thus, the study of Political Science has special
importance in all countries. Its study helps us to
understand the mechanism and constitutional
systems of modern government. The principles of
government, the domestic and foreign policies of
the nation. the legislature, executive and judiciary
of different countries, etc. are studied in Political
Science.
Aristotle regarded
Political Science as “the
supreme science” or “the
masters of all science”
“Man is a political
animal,”
“Human beings are
creatures of flesh and
blood, rubbing shoulders
with each other in cities
and communities. ”
 Classifications of Government according to
Aristotle
Number of Rulers Normal Form Perverted Form
One Monarchy Tyranny

Few Aristocracy Oligarchy

Many Polity Democracy

Monarch
y is a government that is governed by
one ruler who has efficient administration
of political and economic values.
Monarchs are better leaders as they are
not prone to employ force to subjugate
members of their society as they do not
feel the pressure to maintain their position
which they inherited.
Tyranny
A perverted form of it is tyranny or the rule of
a dictator. This leader is prone to using force to
stay in power as he or she merely usurped it.
 Aristocracy
is the best form of government. He
said that aristocracy is less prone to
corruption given that it is run by group
of people who have no vested self-
interest due to their high moral values
and non-economic preoccupation.
Contrary to this, the ruler of the few rich
individuals is seen by Aristotle as problematic,
as the rulers are more predisposed to further
their economic interest.
 Democra
cy
Although well accepted by current world
leaders, democracy was considered by
Aristotle as an ineffective type of
government. He said that democracy had a
potential for chaos and corruption, given
that it is ruled by the masses that are
generally economically challenged and
lacking proper education.
 Sub
Disciplines of
Political
Political Theory
It examines the contemporary
application of political concepts such as
human rights, equality, peace, and justice.
Comparative
Politics
This is a branch of political science that aims to
provide context to the differences in government and
political systems. It examines the parallelism and
divergence of political systems to provide analyses
on the factors that make governments efficient and
factors that make them fail.
International
Relations
The study of state to state relations and the wider
margin of the impacts of globalization and climate
change such as terrorism, piracy, and democratization
of non-Western territories. This field also covers the
interaction between state and non-state global actors
such as international organizations and human
groups.
Political Behavior
This field covers the attitudes, knowledge, and
actions of an individual in response to political
variables such as policies created by the
government, behavior of the politicians, and general
political environment.
Public Policy
This field inquires on the types of governmental policies
and the underlying motivations for their enactment and
implementation.
This discipline is significant for evaluating the efficiency
of enacted policies and the possible revisions that it can
accommodate.
Public
Administration
This branch examines the various administrative schemes implemented
by government officials. It analyses the strategies applied by administrative
units in implementing the existing policies and the feedback mechanism that
they use to gain the opinion of the public.
This field is important in providing scientific evaluations of the
efficiency of administrative units in fulfilling their functions and the factors
that affect them in their pursuit of accomplishing their deliverables.
 Applied Orientation
It pervades all of its sub disciplines as they all address
contemporary issues on politics, ethics and governance. Its
interdisciplinary as it uses the frameworks of other social
science disciplines, such as history, sociology, anthropology,
psychology, philosophy and even demography, to provide
contexts to a political phenomenon.
David Easton’s
Model of a
Political System
Environment
It consists of the historical, social and
economic conditions of the society that affects
the types of policies accepted and declined by
the electorate.
Input
This refers to the forms of political
events or products that are needed by the
society from its government.
 2 categories of
Input
Demand Support
It refers to the perceived needs It refers to the mechanism
of the population that could
better their lives.
within the system that
would allow for such
demands to be facilitated.
Political System

It acts like the black box through which every form of

demand is sifted and decided upon. It could be either
democratic and socialist, parliamentary or presidential
and unitary or federal
Output
It is the decision of the government
toward an input. This includes policies,
rules and laws, regulations and projects.
Feedback
It is important for the system to gauge the
efficiency of its response to a public need. It
provides the government a basis for improving
its response to public demands.
Political Science
Concepts
Alfred Boyer

“Politics is the
exercise of power
within a state. “
David Easton

“Politics is the
authoritative
allocation of scarce
values.”
 Power
as defined by Robert Dahl, is “the ability
of person A to make person B do what
person B would otherwise do” (American
Political Science Association, 2013). This
implies the capacity to direct the influence
the decision of others.
State
is a political entity that consist of four
elements: territory, government, people and
sovereignty.
Natio
n is a concept that is
related to ethnicity, as
people within it are
bound by cultural and
historical ties.
Government
The set of personnel who manages the
affairs of the state in its act of allocating
scarce values.
Sovereign
ty
This is the capacity of a political system to make
independent decisions within its territory.
 2 types of
 Sovereignty
Internal Sovereignty- refers to the capacity of the
political system to implement its rules and policies
within its territory.
 External Sovereignty- refers to the recognition of that
system’s existence and authority by other actors and
systems.
 Territory
This is the geographic space in
which the sovereignty of a state is
exercised. A territory includes “ the
terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains,
including its territorial seas, the
seabed, the subsoil, the insular
shelves, and other submarine areas.
 People
This is the fourth element of a state is
the most crucial of all, as it is through
the existence of the people that
concepts on government , state,
territory, and sovereignty take shape.
In the context of political science, the
term people is synonymous to nation.
 THE 1987
PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and
establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop
our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the
blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of
law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and
peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
ARTICLE I
• National Territory
ARTICLE II
• Declaration of Principles and State Policies
ARTICLE III
• Bill of Rights
ARTICLE IV
• Citizenship
ARTICLE V
• Suffrage
ARTICLE VI
• The Legislative Department
ARTICLE VII
• Executive Department
ARTICLE VIII
• Judicial Department
ARTICLE IX
• Constitutional Commissions
ARTICLE X
• Local Government
ARTICLE XI
• Accountability of Public Officers
ARTICLE XII
• National Economy and Patrimony
ARTICLE XIII
• Social Justice and Human Rights
ARTICLE XIV
• Education, Science and Technology, Arts,
Culture, and Sports
ARTICLE XV
• The Family
ARTICLE XVI
• General Provisions
ARTICLE XVII
• Amendments or Revisions
ARTICLE XVIII
• Transitory Provisions