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Lecture 2 - Shallow Foundations

Shallow foundations are the most economical foundation system and include types such as individual footings, combined footings, continuous footings, and mat foundations. Key considerations for design include soil strength, bearing capacity, and settlement, with various failure modes like general shear, local shear, and punching shear. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory and modifications for factors like water table and eccentric loading are also discussed to ensure safe and effective foundation design.

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carlos guerrero
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2 views

Lecture 2 - Shallow Foundations

Shallow foundations are the most economical foundation system and include types such as individual footings, combined footings, continuous footings, and mat foundations. Key considerations for design include soil strength, bearing capacity, and settlement, with various failure modes like general shear, local shear, and punching shear. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory and modifications for factors like water table and eccentric loading are also discussed to ensure safe and effective foundation design.

Uploaded by

carlos guerrero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2 -

ShallowFoundations
Shallow Foundations

Shallow Foundations are used


whenever possible; they are the
most economical foundation system.

Need to consider:
• soil strength (i.e., bearing capacity)
• settlement
Shallow Foundations:
Definitions
• Individual (isolated) footing – supports
single column
• Combined footing – supports group of two
or more columns
• Continuous (wall) footing –supports wall
• Mat (or raft) supports entire structure (or
portion of structure)

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Bearing Capacity
Theory
Ultimate Bearing Capacity: refers to the
applied stress that will just cause a shear
failure of the soil (qult)

Allowable Bearing Pressure: refers to the


applied stress the soil can safely support
(qall = qult/FS).

Footing design must be safe against:


– Foundation failure (bearing capacity)
– Excessive settlement (often controls) 12
Foundation Engineering
General
Shear

Local Shear

Punching
Shear

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General Shear
•
Failure
Well defined shear surface & failure pattern
• Continuous slip surface
• Sudden and catastrophic failure
• Failure accompanied by tilting
• Bulging on both sides of footing
• Typical for dense soils

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Local Shear
Failure
• Failure pattern defined only under footing
• Bulging at sides of footing
• Large vertical settlement, but no collapse or tilting
• Settlement = 3%-15% B

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Punching Shear
Failure
• Failure pattern difficult to observe
• As load increases, soil under footing
compresses
• Soil outside footing remains relatively
uninvolved
• No movement of soil outside of
footing
• Small, sudden jerks of vertical movement, but no
collapse or tilting
• Typical for loose soil
• Settlement = 3%-15% B
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Bearing Capacity Simple Model

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Terzaghi’s Bearing
Capacity Theory
• Based on classical theory of plasticity

• Based on Prandtl solution for punching


of a rigid base into a softer material
(1920)

• Based on material with rigid plastic


behavior. Therefore, solution is strictly
limited to “general shear failure”

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Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
Assumptions:

• Soil is rigid plastic material


• Shearing resistance of overburden is
neglected
• Overburden soil is modeled as a surcharge load
• Length/width (L/B) is large; i.e., continuous
footing
• Soil strength modeled as Mohr-Coulomb

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Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity

For Terzaghi Df<B. Others: Df<4B


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Terzaghi: Φ , Vesic: 45°+ Φ/2

Shear strength of this soil is not considered by


Terzaghi
Nγ ?

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Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
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Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity for
square and circular
foundations

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Modifications for Water Table

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Modifications for Water Table

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Modifications for Water Table

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General Bearing Capacity
Equation (Meyerhof, Hansen
and Vesic) Ver Bowles
Meyerhof:

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Meyerhof:

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Hansen

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Hansen (H)

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Hansen (H)

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Hansen (H)

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Vesic (V)

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Vesic (V)

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Vesic

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General Bearing Capacity
Equation (Das
recommendations)

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Continúa…
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Continúa…
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Eccentrically Loaded
Foundations

 x  x centric   x bending


Para una zapata rectangular:
P My
x  
A I
Eccentrically Loaded
Foundations
Ultimate Bearing Capacity under
Eccentric Loading —One-Way
Eccentricity
Effective Area Method (Meyerhoff, 1953)

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity under
Eccentric Loading —
One-Way Eccentricity
Effective Area Method (Meyerhoff, 1953)

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity under
Eccentric Loading — Hansen or
Vesic (Alternative)

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity under
Eccentric Loading
Two-Way Eccentricity

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity under
Eccentric Loading
Two-Way Eccentricity

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 If H is large
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Tarea (Casos Especiales) 9 de
Marzo
 Zapata sobre base rígida (Arantxa)

 Zapata en suelo estratificado (suelo fuerte sobre


suelo débil) (Arrázola)
 Zapata en suelo estratificado (suelo débil sobre
suelo fuerte) (Acuña)
 Zapata en suelo estratificado (Vega)

 Zapatas adyacentes (García)

 Zapata en la cima de una pendiente (Cristancho)

 Zapata en una pendiente (Rada)


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