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Lecture 1

The lecture introduces microelectronics, defining electronics as the art and science of directing electrons to perform useful work through various devices like resistors, capacitors, and transistors. It discusses the evolution from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits (ICs), highlighting key inventions and the exponential increase in component integration over the years, known as Moore's Law. The course aims to deepen understanding of transistors and their applications in electronic circuits.

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Sky Yeom
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12 views15 pages

Lecture 1

The lecture introduces microelectronics, defining electronics as the art and science of directing electrons to perform useful work through various devices like resistors, capacitors, and transistors. It discusses the evolution from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits (ICs), highlighting key inventions and the exponential increase in component integration over the years, known as Moore's Law. The course aims to deepen understanding of transistors and their applications in electronic circuits.

Uploaded by

Sky Yeom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1

OUTLINE
• Introduction of Microelectronics

Reading: Chapter 1

Course Overview, Slide 1


Introduction
• What is electronics?
– Art and science of directing electrons
(or any other charge carriers) to perform useful
works
• Directing electrons
– Apply potential difference → Voltage (V)
– Flow of electrons → Current (I)
– Electronic devices useful for directing electrons:
Resistor (R), Capacitor (C), Inductor (L)
Diode, Transistors
Course Overview, Slide 2
Introduction
• What is electronics?
– Art and science of directing electrons
(or any other charge carriers) to perform useful works

• Perform useful works

• Electronic devices
– Electronic circuits
– Electronic systems (electronic appliances)

Course Overview, Slide 3


Cellular Phone

Course Overview, Slide 4


Cellular Phone

Course Overview, Slide 5


Digital Camera

Course Overview, Slide 6


Digital Camera

 I. Park, W. Jo, C. Park, B. Park, J. Cheon and Y. Chae, A 640×640 Fully


Dynamic CMOS Image Sensor for Always-On Operation, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits (JSSC), 2020.
Course Overview, Slide 7
Electronics vs. Microelectronics

Course Overview, Slide 8


Microelectronics

Course Overview, Slide 9


Early History of IC Devices Lee DeENIAC-The
Forest, 1906
first digital computer

1940’s: Vacuum-tube era


… but they were expensive, bulky,
fragile, and energy-hungry

 Invention of the point-contact transistor


▪ Walter Brattain, John Bardeen,
and William Shockley, Bell Labs, 1947
Nobel Prize in Physics 1956
– reproducibility was an issue, however

 Invention of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT)


▪ William Shockley, Bell Labs, 1950
– more stable and reliable; easier and cheaper to make
Course Overview, Slide 10
Discrete Electronic Circuits
• In 1954, Texas Instruments produced the first commercial
silicon transistor.

~$2.50 each

• Before the invention of the integrated circuit, electronic


equipment was composed of discrete components.
Discrete components took up a lot of room and were
expensive and cumbersome to assemble, so engineers
began, in the mid-1950s, to search for a simpler
approach…

Course Overview, Slide 11


The Integrated Circuit (IC)
• An IC consists of interconnected electronic components in a
single piece (“chip”) of semiconductor material.

– In 1959, Robert Noyce


– In 1958, Jack S. Kilby (Texas (Fairchild Semiconductor)
Instruments) showed that it demonstrated an IC made in
was possible to fabricate a silicon using SiO2 as the
simple IC in germanium. insulator and Al for the
metallic interconnects.

The first planar IC


(actual size: ~1.5mm diameter)

Course Overview, Slide 12


From a Few, to Billions
• By connecting a large number of components, each performing
simple operations, an IC that performs complex tasks can be built.
• The degree of integration has increased at an exponential pace
over the past ~40 years.

– The number of devices on a chip doubles Intel Penryn® Processor


every ~2 years, for the same price.
“Moore’s Law” still holds today.

300mm Si wafer

Course Overview, Slide 13


What do we plan to do?
• Understand what transistors do
– New electronic devices
• Learn how to use transistors for useful works
– Electronic circuits for useful functions such as
amplification

Course Overview, Slide 14


Nobel Lecture
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=nMnDPTgM3iA

Course Overview, Slide 15

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