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The document discusses Mendelian inheritance, focusing on Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the principles of hybridization, segregation, and independent assortment. It outlines key concepts such as the Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment, and Law of Dominance, supported by data from Mendel's crosses. The document also includes Punnett squares to illustrate genotypic and phenotypic ratios resulting from monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

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2 views

01 BT5440 2

The document discusses Mendelian inheritance, focusing on Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the principles of hybridization, segregation, and independent assortment. It outlines key concepts such as the Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment, and Law of Dominance, supported by data from Mendel's crosses. The document also includes Punnett squares to illustrate genotypic and phenotypic ratios resulting from monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

Uploaded by

ikaif0312
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mendelian Inheritance

Classical Genetics
BT5440 Quantitative and Population Genetics

1
Mendel’s pea plants
●Hybridisation
○ The mating or crossing between two
individuals that have different
characteristics
■ Purple-flowered plant x white-flowered
plant
●Hybrids
○ The offspring that result from such a
mating
○ Presumed to be a blending of the parent
traits
○ Often observed to be different than either
parent (hybrid vigour)
●Mendel observed them to be like one of
the parents with respect to some traits –
2
no blending
Seven characteristics

3
Monohybrid cross

4
Data from Mendel
P Cross F1 generation F2 generation Ratio
Tall x dwarf stem All tall 787 tall, 277 2.84:1
dwarf
Round x wrinkled All round 5474 round, 1850 2.96:1
seeds wrinkled
Yellow x green All yellow 6022 yellow, 2001 3.01:1
seeds green
Purple x white All purple 705 purple, 224 3.15:1
flowers white
Axial x terminal All axial 651 axial, 207 3.14:1
flowers terminal
Smooth x All smooth 882 smooth, 229 2.95:1
constricted pods constricted
Green x yellow All green 428 green, 152 2.82:1
pods yellow
5
Law of segregation

● A pea plant contains two discrete hereditary factors, one from each
parent
● The two factors may be identical or different
● When the two factors of a single trait are different
○ One is dominant and its effect can be seen
○ The other is recessive and is masked
● During gametogenesis (meiosis), the paired factors segregate
randomly so that half of the gametes received one factor and half
of the gametes received the other

6
Law of segregation

Tt x Tt

7
Punnett Squares

Genotypic ratio Phenotypic ratio


TT : Tt : tt Tall : Dwarf
1 :2 :1 3:1
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Law of Segregation (The First Law)

● The Law of Segregation states that every individual organism


contains two alleles for each trait, and that these alleles segregate
(separate) during meiosis such that each gamete contains only one
of the alleles.

9
Dihybrid Cross

Crossing individual plants that differ in two traits

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Independent assortment

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Mendel’s result

P Cross F1 F2 generation Ratio


generatio
n
Round, All round, 315 round, yellow 9.8
Yellow yellow seeds 3.2
seeds x 101 wrinkled, yellow
wrinkled, seeds 3.4
green 108 round, green 1.0
seeds seeds
32 green, wrinkled
● During gamete formation, the segregation of any pair of hereditary determinants
seeds
is independent of the segregation of other pairs

12
Gamete assortment

13
Dihybrid Punnett square

14
Law of Independent Assortment (The Second Law)

● Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for separate traits


are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring.

15
Law of Dominance (The Third Law)

● Mendel's Law of Dominance states that recessive alleles will always


be masked by dominant alleles.

16
Test cross

Dihybrid test cross: TtYy x ttyy

17

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