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techniques

The document outlines various translation techniques according to Newmark, including transference, borrowing, calque, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, and shift or transposition. Each technique is defined and illustrated with examples, demonstrating how words and phrases can be translated or adapted from one language to another. Additionally, it defines translation procedures as technical devices used to convey meaning across languages.

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4 views

techniques

The document outlines various translation techniques according to Newmark, including transference, borrowing, calque, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, and shift or transposition. Each technique is defined and illustrated with examples, demonstrating how words and phrases can be translated or adapted from one language to another. Additionally, it defines translation procedures as technical devices used to convey meaning across languages.

Uploaded by

fsidoun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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techniques

Presented by : Fatima Meftah Sidoun


Instructor : prof . Ahmed AL gadafi
Outlines
• Transference
• Borrowing (loan –
word )
Translation • Calque (loan
techniques translation )
according to • Naturalization
Newmark (198 • Culture equivalent
8)
• Functional equivalent
• Shift or transportation
• Definition of translation
procedures.
Translation techniques according to
Newmark

Transference (loan, transcripition, transliteration ) is the


process of transferring a SL word to TL text .it includes
transliteration. For example

Hamburger ‫هامبرقر‬
Facebook ‫فيس بوك‬
Cricket ‫رياضه الكريكيت‬
‫ي‬

Borrowing :- one of the direct translaion


procedures where the SL word is transferred
directly to the TL to fill the semantic gap between
the SL text and the TL text . For example
For example
Technology ‫تكنولوجيا‬
Tsunami ‫تسونامي‬
Pizza ‫بيترا‬
Microwave ‫ميكرووف‬
Calque :- calque is loanword can be defined as word for
word translation from one language into another .it is a
type of borrowing where the ‘SL word or expression is
transferred literally ’’.which means to copy or model .
 ie , the TL equivalent thus produced is modelled after the
SL word or expression “. It also known as loan
translation.

 Honeymoon = ‫شهر العسل‬


 Brainwash = ‫غسيل الدماغ‬
 To shed crocodile tears = ‫يبكي بدموع التماسيح‬
• Naturalisation , the natural pronunciation in the TL written in the TL
too.......‫ كومبيوتر‬, ‫ ديموقراطيه‬, ‫طوني‬
arabisation e,g ,. Applying the TL grammar on foreign words.

• Cultural equivalent . This is an approximate translation where a SL


cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word .thus
baccalaureate is translated as French “A” level ‫ثانويه عامه‬
Arabian nights ‫الف ليله وليله‬
 Functional equivalent .this common procedure applied to cultural
words , requires the use of a culture-free word requires the use of a
culture –free word .sometimes with a new specific term.

For example :-

 Pentagon translated as ‫وزاره الدفاع في الواليات المتحده االمريكيه‬

 Home office ‫وزاره الداخليه‬


 Secretary of state ‫وزراء االخارجيه‬


Shift or transpositions :- a change in
the grammar from SL grammatical
structure does not exist in the TL
{ basically changing the structure in the
TT } (p. 85) .
 Such as shift in structure from nominal to verbal
sentence / clause ,or from a phrase to clause
 From active to passive or vice versa , or double
negative being translated as positive
statement , 0r word class change from noun to
adjective or from a noun to verb , etc.
,
Definition of translation procedures
Translation procedures are “ technical
devices used to transfer the meaning of a
text in one language into a text in another
language .’’ ( Pinchuck 1977 ; 188)

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