A.

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

B. GAS LAWS: BOYLE’S LAW AND CHARLES’ LAW
CHAPTER 10: MATTER
 OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON

 Explain the kinetic molecular theory of matter.

 Investigate the relationship between Volume, Pressure, and
Temperature of gases.
 Solve problems involving the gas laws.

 Textbook in Science and Technology 10 on pages 245-255 (first

edition) and pages 273-285 (second edition)
 INTRODUCTION
 Three common phases or
states of matter and their
properties.

 Among these three, gases are

made up mostly of empty
space thus, they can be easily
compressed and expand. This
also indicates that gas
particles do not have
strong intermolecular force
of attraction thus, they don’t
attach each other just like the
molecules of solids and
liquids. Because of this, gas
particles move in random
direction and occupies the
 INTRODUCTION
What have you observed
when you leave a glass of
water with ice cubes on it?

What causes matter to

change from one state to
another?
 A. KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER
 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter, pertains to all
matter, explains how matter can change among the phases of
solid, liquid, and gas.
 Explains the macroscopic properties of matter: Mass, Volume,
Pressure, and Temperature.
 Explains how particles of matter move in terms of their forces
of attraction and energy.
 PRINCIPLES OF THE KMT OF MATTER:

1. Matter is made of particles that have energy and are in constant motion.
The energy varies, depending on the temperature of the substance.

In solids, the particles move less and have the least

amount of energy.
In liquids, the particles are slightly further apart
than in solids. They can move around each other
even though they are close together. Have higher
amount of energy than solids.
In gases, the particles are more widely separated
and have more energy than in solids and liquids.
Thus, they move rapidly and randomly in any
space available.
 PRINCIPLES OF THE KMT OF MATTER:
2. The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its
particles. A change in state of matter may occur when the particles’ energy is
changed.

The higher the temperature, the more

energy there is thus the faster the
particles move.

Molecules in the solid phase have the

least amount of energy, while gas
particles have the greatest amount of
energy. of change in temperature,
Because
matter can change from one phase to
another.
 PRINCIPLES OF THE KMT OF MATTER:
3. There are empty spaces
between particles of matter. The
empty spaces between the
particles of solids are smaller
than those of gases.

4. Attractive forces exist

between particles. Particles in
solids have small spaces between
them; thus, the attractive forces
between them are strong. Particles
in gases have larger spaces
between them; thus, the attractive
 A. KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
 Explains observable macroscopic properties of gases caused by
the movement of gas particles.
 Macroscopic/Molecular Properties of Gases:
1. Mass - The amount of a gas or its mass could be expressed in moles or
grams represented by moles (n); How many particles?
2. Volume - Gases also have volume. The volume of a gas is the amount
of space occupied by the gases: How big is the container?
3. Temperature - The temperature of a gas is the measure of the hotness
or coldness of an object: How fast do the particles move?
4. Pressure - Gases exert pressure. The pressure of a confined gas is the
average effect of the forces of the colliding molecules: How often do
Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases:
Properties of Gases Assumptions
1. Gases exhibit diffusibility. - Gas particles are in a constant state of
random motion; thus, they possess
2. Gases exert pressure. kinetic energy.
- When gas particles collide with one
3. Gases have no definite shape or another, each particle applies force in
volume. They expand to fill the space collision.
available in their container. - A weak attractive force exists between
gas particles.
4. Gases exhibit expansibility and
compressibility. They expand when - Gas particles are very small and are
pressure is reduced and compress when far apart from one another. The
pressure is increased. spaces between them are bigger than the
size of each particle.
5. The volume of a gas increases with
temperature. - The motion of gas particles increases
as temperature increases. The average
kinetic energy of gas particles is directly
 - A weak attractive
- Gas particles are in force exists between
- When gas
a constant state of gas particles.
particles collide
random motion;
with one - Gas particles are
thus, they possess
another, each
kinetic energy. very small and are
particle
far apart from one
applies force
another. The spaces
in collision.
between them are
 Scientists discovered that the macroscopic properties of gases affect
one another. The relationship between these properties can be
explained in different GAS LAWS.
 Equations/formulas of the different gas laws can be used to predict or
measure the effects of one property to another (P,V,T,n).
 Commonly used units in Volume and Pressure:
 Volume units and their equivalents:
1 mL = 1 cm3 ; 1 L = 1 dm3 ; 1 m3 = 1000 L
 Pressure units and their equivalents:
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 76 cm Hg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa = 14.6956
psi
 Temperature units and their equivalents:
0˚C = 273.15 K ; 0˚C = 32˚F

 Conversions:
 Temperature is
always in Kelvin
(absolute
temperature).

Absolute zero is a
theoretical temperature
characterized by
complete absence of
heat and motion and
equivalent to exactly
−273.15°C or
−459.67°F.
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION: EVIDENCE OF MOVING PARTICLES

Gas diffuse to any available space

around them. However, they do not
diffuse at the same speed.
In 1823, the Scottish chemist
Thomas Graham reported that the
replacement volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square
root of its density. This statement is
known as Graham’s law of diffusion.
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION: EVIDENCE OF MOVING PARTICLES

 Diffusion - ability of gases

to mix with each other
usually in the absence of a
barrier.
 Effusion - ability of gas to
travel through a small
opening.
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION: EVIDENCE OF MOVING PARTICLES

Graham’s law of diffusion. The rate of

diffusion is directly proportional to the volume
of gas that diffused in a given time and that
density of gas is proportional to its molar mass.
Thus, in a mixture of gases, lighter gases
diffuse faster than heavier ones.
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION: EVIDENCE OF MOVING PARTICLES

Graham’s law of effusion. A process involves

the movement of gases similar to diffusion, or
the escape of gas molecules from a
compartment under pressure.
 In 1848, published another one of his findings,
which states that under the same temperature
and pressure, lighter gases effuses faster
than gases with higher molecular masses.
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION: EVIDENCE OF MOVING PARTICLES

 Although the rates of diffusion and

effusion both depend on the molar mass
of the gas involved, the value of their
rates are not equal; however, the ratios of
their rates are the same.
 DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION
 Graham’s Law of Effusion –
Under the same temperature and
pressure, lighter gases effuse
faster than gases with higher
molecular masses.
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 1:
Astronauts are supplied with helium (He) and oxygen
(O2) when traveling in outer space. Which gas effuses
faster? How much faster?
Unknown:
Gas that effuses faster = ?
Ratio of effusion rates of the gases=?

Solution:
From the periodic table, the molecular masses of
He and O2 are:
MHe = 4.003 g/mol
SHOW YOUR SOLUTION:
1. Which has a higher effusion rate: Cl2 or CH4?

2. Ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).

Determine how much faster ammonia diffuses
compared to hydrogen sulfide?

3. Calculate the rate of effusion of methane gas,

CH4, to nitrogen gas, N2.
4. A gas mixture contains oxygen (O2) and
methane (CH₄). Which gas will escape from a
small hole in the container faster, and how many
times faster?

5. Compare the rates of effusion for methane

(CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). How much faster
does methane effuse compared to carbon
dioxide?

6. Ethane (C₂H₆) and propane (C₃H₈). Determine

 B. GAS LAWS
Gases have different physical and
chemical properties, but all their
molecules obey the Gas Laws.
These are the Laws: Boyle’s Law,
Charles’ Law, Gay-Lussac’s Law,
Avogadro’s Law, Ideal Gas Law,
Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressures.
BOYLE’S LAW: P-V AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
One of the postulates of KMT is that
gas particles are in constant
motion, and thus possess kinetic
energy.
Collisions occur between the gas
particles and their surroundings as
they move quickly and freely in a
container.
An English scientist Robert Boyle
(1627-1691) in 1960.
 BOYLE’S LAW
 Boyle’s Law - States that when the temperature and number
of molecules are held constant, the pressure is inversely
proportional to volume or vice versa.

If there are changes with the pressure and

volume of the system but with constant T and n,
the product of the first P and V will be the same
with the product of the second P and V.
 Sample Illustration of Boyle’s
Law:  Application of Boyle’s Law:
 During the process of inhalation the lung volume
expands, and the pressure is decreased, allowing
air to rush inside the lungs. When air fills the
lungs, there is no longer space available thus,
pressure starts to increase. This is when
expiration happens.
Sample Problem # 1:

A refrigerant in an air-conditioning unit has a

volume of 0.30 L. The unit is kept running in
a room where the pressure is about 625 mm
of mercury. Assuming that the temperature
inside the room remains constant, what will
be the final pressure of the refrigerant when
its volume is increased to 1.00 L?
Sample Problem # 2:

The inflated balloon that slipped from the

hand of Kyle has a volume of 0.50 L at sea
level (1.0 atm) and it reached a height of
approximately 8 km where the atmospheric
pressure is approximately 0.33 atm.
Assuming that the temperature is constant,
compute for the final volume of the balloon.
Sample Problem # 3:

A tire with a volume of 11.41 L reads 44 psi

on the tire gauge. What is the new tire
pressure if you compress the tire and its new
volume is 10.6 L?
CHARLES’ LAW: T-V AT CONSTANT PRESSURE

 The relationship between the

volume and temperature of a
gas at constant pressure was
studied by Jacques Charles
(1746-1823).
2. CHARLES’ LAW
Charles’ Law - States that at constant pressure, the
volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly
proportional to temperature.

If there are changes with the temperature and

volume of the system but with constant P and n,
the quotient of the first V and T will be the same
with the quotient of the second V and T.
Sample Illustration of Charles’
Law:
Application of Charles’ Law:
The increase in volume causes the
warmer air to have a lower density,
hence increasing the buoyancy of the
balloon.
Sample Problem # 1:

An aerosol can contain 0.452 L of gas at 22.0

°C. What will be the final volume of the gas
at a constant pressure if the temperature is
increased to 187.0 °C?
Sample Problem # 2:

The gas in a balloon has a volume of 30.0 L

at 30.0 °C. What will be its temperature in °C
and K if the volume is decreased to 10.0 L at
a constant pressure?
Sample Problem # 3:

Oxygen gas is at a temperature of 40°C

when it occupies a volume of 2.3 liters. To
what temperature should it be raised to
occupy a volume of 6.5 liters?