Scribd
Upload
13 views

Topic_11_Magnetism-and-Electromagnetism

Magnetism is a fundamental force characterized by attraction and repulsion between magnetic materials, with ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt being able to become permanently magnetized. The document discusses magnetic forces, fields, and units, as well as the principles of electromagnetism, including solenoids and Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, which describes the interaction between magnetic fields and electric currents. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between electricity and magnetism and the role of magnetism in modern technology, such as data storage and medical imaging.

Uploaded by

zaey470
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Topic_11_Magnetism-and-Electromagnetism

Magnetism is a fundamental force characterized by attraction and repulsion between magnetic materials, with ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt being able to become permanently magnetized. The document discusses magnetic forces, fields, and units, as well as the principles of electromagnetism, including solenoids and Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, which describes the interaction between magnetic fields and electric currents. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between electricity and magnetism and the role of magnetism in modern technology, such as data storage and medical imaging.

Uploaded by

zaey470
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Magnetism and

Electromagnetism
Introduction to Magnetism

What is Magnetism?

Magnetism is a fundamental force of nature,


characterized by attraction and repulsion between
magnetic materials.
Introduction to Magnetism

Magnetic materials
Ferromagnetic materials are materials that have
magnetic properties similar to those of
iron. They can become permanently magnetized.
Examples of ferromagnetic materials
are nickel, cobalt, and alnico, an aluminum-
nickel-cobalt alloy.
Magnetic Forces
When two poles of two magnets are placed near
each other they can either attract or repel each
other. The combination of north and south poles
determines whether they attract or repel.
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field - Surrounding a magnet is an
invisible area called a magnetic field, influencing
other magnets and ferromagnetic materials.

The strength of a magnetic field depends on the


distance from the magnet. The field is strongest
at the poles
Magnetic Poles

Magnetic poles - Magnets have two poles: North


and South. Like poles repel, while opposite poles
attract.
Direction of a Magnetic Field

The direction of a magnetic field line is always


from north (seeking) pole to south (seeking)
pole.
Magnetic units

Magnetic flux - is the amount of magnetic field


(or the number of lines of force) produced
by a magnetic source. The symbol for magnetic
flux is (Greek letter Φ ‘phi’).

Magnetic flux Density - is the amount of flux


passing through a defined area that is
perpendicular to the direction
of the flux:
Magnetic units

B = Φ/ A,
Where: B - Magnetic Flux Density in Tesla, T in
SI unit
Φ – Magnetic flux or magnetic line of
force in Weber, Wb in SI unit
A – Area in m2
Magnetic units

SI unit or
Name Symbol cgs unit mks

Flux or total 1Mx = 1 field


Φ = BA 1 Wb = 1 x 108 Mx
lines line

Flux density or
1G =1
flux B = Φ/ A 1 T = 1Wb/m2
Mx/cm2
per unit area
Example problem 1

A magnetic pole face has a rectangular section


having dimensions 200mm by
100mm. If the total flux emerging from the pole
is 150µWb, calculate:
a.) the flux density in T
b.) the flux density in G.
Try this:

Convert the following units:

1. 0.003 T to G
2. 120,000 G to T
3. 168µWb to Mx
Permanent and Temporary Magnets

Permanent Magnets Temporary Magnets


• Retain their • Exert magnetic forces
magnetism only when exposed to
indefinitely, a strong magnetic
composed of field, losing
materials like iron, magnetism when the
nickel, and cobalt. field is removed.
Electromagnetism
When a current flows through a conducting
wire a magnetic field is produced around the
wire.

The strength of the magnetic field depends


on the current through the wire and the
distance from the wire.
Solenoids
A solenoid is a coil of wire used to produce a
magnetic field. Shaping a wire to make a
solenoid increases the strength of the
magnetic field created by the current through
the wire.
Solenoids
The magnetic field of a solenoid has a similar
shape to that of a bar magnet – though the
magnetic field extends inside the
solenoid and is strong and uniform.
Solenoids

It is possible to increase the strength of a


solenoid’s magnetic field by:
1. Adding an iron core to a solenoid.
2. Increasing the current though the
solenoid.
3. Increasing the number of turns of wire
on the solenoid.
Solenoids

A solenoid with an iron core is an electromagnet.


Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule
When a conductor carrying a current is
placed in a magnetic field the magnet
producing the field and the conductor exert a
force on each other. This is called the motor
effect.
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule
In the diagram the thumb, first finger and
second finger are held at right angles to each
other.
First Finger – Field (magnetic N to S)
Second Finger – Direction of current flow
Thumb – Direction of Force (motion)
Motor
Determine the
direction that the
motor will spin using
Fleming’s
Left-Hand Rule.

Solution:
Looking at the wire next to the North seeking pole of the magnet.
• Magnetic field (first finger) is pointing to the right (North to
south).
• Current flow (second finger) is pointing towards you.
• (Remember, conventional flow is + to -)
• Force/Motion of the wire will be upwards (so the motor will
spin clockwise.
Force on a Conductor
The factors that affect the force on a
conductor are:
• Magnetic Flux Density (B) in tesla
• Current (I) in amperes
• Length of Conductor (l) in meter

These quantities are linked by the equation:


Force (N) = Magnetic flux density (T) x
Current (A) x Length (m)

F = BIL
Example problem 2
1. A conductor of length 50 cm carrying a current
of 5 A is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field
of induction 2×10-3 T. Find the force on the
conductor.

2. A 6 cm wire placed in a magnetic field carries


a current of 50 mA. Calculate the force on the
current carrying wire if the magnetic field strength
of the magnetic field is 0.25 T.

3. A current carrying conductor of certain length,


kept perpendicular to the magnetic field
experiences a force F. What will be the force if
the current is increased four times, length is
halved and magnetic field is tripled?
Magnetic Circuit
A magnetic circuit is made up of one or
more closed loop paths containing a
magnetic flux. The flux is usually generated
by permanent magnets or electromagnets
and confined to the path by magnetic cores
consisting of ferromagnetic materials like
iron, although there may be air gaps or
other materials in the path.
Magnetic Circuit

transformer

simple 2-pole
motor
Magnetic Circuit
Magnetic Circuit
Magnetomotive force (mmf) - is a quantity
appearing in the equation for the magnetic
flux in a magnetic circuit, often called Ohm's
law for magnetic circuits. It is the property of
certain substances or phenomena that give
rise to magnetic fields:
mmf = Fm = NI
Magnetic Circuit
Also, mmf = Fm = ΦRm
Where: Φ is the magnetic flux, in Wb
Rm or S is the reluctance of At/Wb
Example problem 3
1.Calculate the magnetomotive force for a
coil with 2000 turns and 5mA current in At .

2. A coil with 4A is to provide a magnetizing


force of 600At that provides a flux of 1.2Wb.
Calculate:
a. How many turns are necessary?
b. determine its reluctance
Magnetic Circuit
Magnetic field intensity or Magnetic field
strength - is a ratio of the mmf needed to
create a certain Flux Density (B) within a
particular material per unit length of that
material.
Magnetic Circuit
Magnetic field intensity

H = mmf / L
Where: H - Magnetic Field Intensity
mmf or Fm – Magnetomotive force
L- length of the material
The SI if magnetic field intensity unit is At/m,
Magnetic Circuit
Permeability - is a measure of how easily a
material allows the formation of a magnetic
field within itself.
- permeability of free
space (or the magnetic space constant) and
is equal to μo = 4π ×10-7 H/m

B/H = μo
Where: μo - permeability of free space
B – Flux Density
H - Magnetic Field Intensity
Example problem 4
1. Determine the magnetic field strength and
the mmf required to produce a flux density
of 0.25 T in an air gap of length 12mm.
Relationship Between
Electricity and Magnetism

Oersted's Discovery Electromagnetism


Hans Christian Oersted's Electricity and magnetism are
discovery that electric currents interconnected, with electric
create magnetic fields currents producing magnetic
revolutionized our fields and vice versa.
understanding of
electromagnetism.
The Role of Magnetism in
Modern Technology

1 2
Data Storage Medical Imaging
Magnetism plays a critical role in Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic storage devices like hard utilizes magnetic fields to create
drives and magnetic tapes. detailed images of the human body.

3
Wireless Communication
Electromagnetism powers wireless
communication technologies like radio
waves, microwaves, and cellular
networks.

You might also like