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Bibliography and Referencing

The document provides an overview of bibliographies, including their definition, types, elements, and formats. It distinguishes between references and bibliographies, emphasizing the importance of proper citation in research to acknowledge sources and avoid plagiarism. Various referencing styles such as APA, MLA, and Chicago are discussed, along with the significance of consistency in their application.

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Dharshini Dharshini
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15 views

Bibliography and Referencing

The document provides an overview of bibliographies, including their definition, types, elements, and formats. It distinguishes between references and bibliographies, emphasizing the importance of proper citation in research to acknowledge sources and avoid plagiarism. Various referencing styles such as APA, MLA, and Chicago are discussed, along with the significance of consistency in their application.

Uploaded by

Dharshini Dharshini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTENTS

◦ What is a Bibliography

◦ Types of Bibliographies

◦ Elements in bibliography

◦ Formats of bibliography

◦ Difference between reference and bibliography

◦ Conclusion
What is a Bibliography
Bibliography a science of the transmission of literary documents
A bibliography is an orderly list of resources on a particular subject
A bibliography provides the full reference information for all the sources which you may have
consulted in preparing a particular project
The purpose of a bibliography is to allow the reader to trace the sources used
Types of Bibliographies
1)Analytical Bibliography

2)Enumerative (Systematic) Bibliography

3)Bibliographies for Non-book Sources


Analytical Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a the study of books as physical objects like list of citations to books,
articles, and documents.
◦ Each citation is followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation.
◦ The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
◦ Analytical bibliography may deal with the history of printers and booksellers, with the description of paper or bindings, or with textual
matters arising during the progression from writer’s manuscript to published book

Enumerative (Systematic) Bibliography


defined as the preparation of lists of books in short, the compilation of bibliographies which list
describe and arrange all graphic materials according to their affinity with each other for reference or
study.
1)Analytical Bibliography
*Descriptive (Physical) Bibliography
*Historical Bibliography
*Textual Bibliography
2)Enumerative (Systematic) Bibliography
*Serial Bibliography
*Current Bibliography
*Period Bibliography
3)Bibliographies for Non-book Sources
*Discography
*Webography (Webliography) or Internet Bibliography
Elements in bibliography
Author
Title of documentation
Date ( year of publication)
Place of publication
Edition
Periodicity ( volume/ issue/ part number)
Series
Format of Bibliography
There are various formats used in the creation of a bibliography such as the
◦ American Psychological Association (APA),
◦ Modern Language Association of America (MLA) and
◦ Chicago Manual of Style and Council of Biology Editors (CBE)

The APA style of referencing is common in the papers written on topics of social science MLA style
is used in field of humanities; and CBE is a popular citation style in the natural sciences.
Referencing in APA, Chicago and MLA
for books
Examples
◦ APA
◦ Darwin, C. (2006). On the origin of species: By means of natural selection.
New York: Dover Publications.
◦ Chicago Manual of Style
◦ Darwin, Charles. 2006. On the origin of species: By means of natural
selection. New York: Dover Publications.
◦ MLA
◦ Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species: By means of natural selection.
New York: Dover Publications, 2006.
Chicago Manual of Style
For a Book
Author(last name first).Title of the book, City: Publisher,
Date of publication
Example
Godin, Seth. Purple cow: Transform your business by
being Remarkable. New York: Upper Saddle River, 2002.
For an Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia Title, Edition Date. Volume Number, "Article
Title," page numbers The Encyclopedia Britannica 1997,
Volume 7, “Gorillas,” pp 51-55.
For a magazine
Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of
magazine. Volume number, (Date): page numbers.
Example
Jordan, Jennifer, “Filming on top of the world.” Museum
VANCOUVER STYLE OF REFERENCE WRITING
The Vancouver Style, or Uniform Requirements Style, is based on an American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for databases, such as
Medline.
It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical journals, who now meet annually as the
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).
Over 500 medical journals [including prestigious journals, such as
◦ British Medical Journal (BMJ),
◦ Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), and
◦ Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA)]
REFERENCING
REFERENCE the detailed description of the document from
which you have obtained your information. Referencing is a
way of demonstrating that you have done that reading.
Reference Vs. Bibliography
*The terms References and Bibliography are often used same, but there is a difference in
meaning between them.
*References are the items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) in your work, and
your list of sources at the end of the assignment will be headed References.
*Bibliography is a list of everything you read - whether or not you referred specifically to it.
* A bibliography can give a tutor an overview of which authors have influenced your ideas and
arguments even if you do not specifically refer to them.
Why do we need reference?
To acknowledge others works
To allow others (readers) to find the original sources easily (cited reference)
To get recognition & authentication of the work.
To make the work informative. (Quality)
To trace the intellectual development of the ideas you present.
Some Basics
Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors the first time you cite the source.
◦ (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) In subsequent citations, (Kernis et al., 1993)

Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, According to


the American Psychological Association (2000),...
◦ If the organization has a well-known abbreviation First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving
[MADD], 2000) Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
Two or More Works
◦ (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) Authors With the Same Last Name: use first initials (E. Johnson,
2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
Personal Communication: For interviews, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite
the communicator's name and the date of the communication.
◦ E.g. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
Summary
Referencing are important part of research work.
It is a way of acknowledging others work and helps to avoid plagiarism.
There are several referencing style manuals.
Which style to follow depends on the field of research and university guidelines The most
important thing is to be consistent with a particular referencing styles.
There are several referencing tools and software available (which makes things simpler!) but still
manual checking for their correctness is necessary.
THANK YOU

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