Timber Ppt
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ButterflyTIMBER –
TYPES, USES, PROPERTIES
TIMBER
Timber denotes wood, which is suitable for building or carpentry or
various other engineering purposes like for construction of doors, windows,
roofs, partitions, beams, posts, cupboards, shelves etc.
Timber is a term applied to finished wood. Wood is refined, but timber is
unrefined wood. Wood is just the term for the material that comprises all timbers
and logs. Timber begins as a simple wooden log and is transformed into beams,
boards, rafter shapes, and other structures.
TYPES OF TIMBER
ON THE BASIS OF ITS POSITION:
STANDING TIMBER
ROUGH TIMBER
CONVERTED TIMBER
ON THE BASIS OF GRADING:
GRADE A
GRADE B
GRADE C
GRADE D
ON THE BASIS OF DURABILITY
HIGH DURABILITY
MODERATE DURABILITY
LOW DURABILITY
ON THE BASIS OF SEASONING CHARACTERISTICS:
HIGHLY REFRACTORY (CLASS A)
MODERATELY (CLASS B)
NON- REFRACTORY (CLASS C)
ON THE BASIS OF TREATABILITY
EASILY TREATABLE
TREATABLE
PARTIALLY TREATABLE
REFRACTORY TO TREATMENT
VERY REFRACTORY TO TREATMENT
STRUCTURE OF A TREE
From the visibility aspect, the structure of a tree can be divided into two
categories
1. Macro structure
2. Micro structure
• Macro structure:
The structure of wood visible to the naked eye or at a small
magnification is called macro structure
• Micro structure:
The structure of wood apparent only at great magnifications is called
micro structure under microscope; it becomes evident that the wood consists
of living and dead cells of various sizes and shapes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TIMBERS
1. Appearance: A freshly cut surface of timber should exhibit hard and of shining
appearance.
2. Colour: A colour should preferably be dark
3. Defects: A good timber should be free from series defects such as knots, flaws,
shakes etc
4. Durability: A good timber should be durable and capable of resisting the action
of fungi, insects, chemicals, physical agencies, and mechanical agencies.
5. Elasticity: The timber returns to its original shape when load causing its
deformation is removed
6. Fibres: The timber should have straight fibres
7. Fire resistance: A dense wood offers good resistance to fire
8. Hardness: A good timber should be hard
9. Mechanical wear: A good timber should not deteriorate easily due to
mechanical wear or abrasion
10.Shape: A good timber should be capable of retaining its shape during conversion or
seasoning
11.Smell: A good timber should have sweet smell. Unpleasant smell indicates decayed
timber
12.Sound : A good timber should give a clear ringing sound when struck
13.Strength: A good timber should be sufficiently strong for working as structural member
such as joist, beam, rafter etc.
14.Structure: The structure should be uniform
15.Toughness: A good timber should be tough (i.e.) capable of offering resistance to
shocks due to vibration
16.Water permeability: A good timber should have low water permeability, which is
measured by the quantity of water filtered through unit surface area of specimen of
wood.
17.Weathering effects: A good timber should be able to stand reasonably the weathering
effects (dry & wet)
18.Weight: The timber with heavy weight is considered to be sound and strong.
19.Working conditions: Timber should be easily workable. It should not clog the teeth of
saw.
USES OF TIMBER
Timber is used for the following works:
1. For heavy construction works like columns, trusses, piles.
2. For light construction works like doors, windows, flooring and roofing.
3. For other permanent works like for railway sleepers, fencing poles, electric
poles and gates.
4. For temporary works in construction like scaffolding, centering, shoring
and strutting, packing of materials.
5. For decorative works like showcases and furnitures.
6. For body works of buses, lorries, trains and boats
7. For industrial uses like pulps (used in making papers), card boards, wall
papers
8. For making sports goods and musical instruments.
PROPERTIES OF TIMBER
The quality can be ensured by investigating the properties of timber. Here we have
discussed both physical and mechanical properties of timber which affects timber quality.
Colour
Color is a uniform property by which most trees are characterized as they show
variation from tree to tree. Light color indicates weak timber. For example, freshly cut teak,
Deodar, and Walnut have a golden yellow, whitish and dark brown shades respectively.
Appearance
Smell is a good property as timbers for few plants as they can be identified by their
characteristic aroma. Fresh cut timbers have a good smell. For example resinous smell from
pine.
Hardness
For the resistance of any kind of damage, hardness is an obvious property.
Specific Gravity
Variation of timber in specific gravity (0.3-0.9) is found .
Moisture Content
Timbers are hygroscopic and gain water from nature (atmosphere). The absorption of water
or dehydration depends on atmospheric humidity. If timbers moisture content is high that means the
timber quality is low.
Strength
Best quality timbers have the highest strength. The strength of timber is different at different
points. Grain structure determines the strength of the timber.
Roughness
Timber has to have the capability to bear shocks, jerk. Anti-bending and ant splitting
characteristic is needed.
Elasticity
Timber should attain its own shape after use. Because of this quality, it is used in sports bat.
Warping
Environmental change with season can’t effect good quality timber.
Grain
Several types of grain arrangement found. On the grain structure quality of timber
varies. Grains remain closely related.
Straight grain
Coarse grain
Interlocked grain
Shrinkage and Swelling
Good quality timbers swell less. Timbers having thicker wall swell more than a
thinner one.
Workability
A good timber is always easy to work on it. Easy to drag using saw on good
timber. The finishing can be done well.
Soundness
A good quality timber gives good sound .
