UNIT V

RECTIFIER
• Any electrical device which offers a low resistance to the
current in one direction but a high resistance to the
current in the opposite direction is called rectifier.

• Such a device is capable of converting a sinusoidal input

waveform, whose average value is zero, into a
unidirectional Waveform, with a non- zero average
component.

• A rectifier is a device, which converts a.c. voltage (bi-

directional) to pulsating Dcvoltage(unidirectional)
• Characteristics of a Rectifier Circuit:
•
• Any electrical device which offers a low resistance
to the current in one direction but a high resistance
to the current in the opposite direction is called
rectifier.

• Such a device is capable of converting a sinusoidal

input waveform, whose average value is zero, into a
unidirectional waveform, with a non- zero average
component.
• A rectifier is a device, which converts a.c. voltage (bi-
directional) to pulsating d.c..Load currents:

• They are two types of output current.

• They are average or d.c. current and RMS currents.

• Average or DC current: The average current of a periodic

function is defined as the area of one cycle of the curve
• It is expressed mathematically as

• i) Average value/dc value/mean value

• ii) Effective (or) R.M.S current:
• iii) Peak factor:
• iv) Form factor:
• v) Ripple Factor
• vi) Efficiency
• vii) Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
• viii) Transformer Utilization Factor (UTF)
• ix) % Regulation
 CLASSIFICATION OF RECTIFIERS
• Using one or more diodes in the circuit, following
rectifier circuits can be design

• 1) Half - Wave Rectifier

• 2) Full – Wave Rectifier

• 3) Bridge Rectifier
 HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
•
• A Half – wave rectifier as shown in fig 1.2 is
one, which converts a.c. voltage into a
pulsating voltage using only one half cycle of
the applied a.c. voltage.
Fig 1.2: Basic structure of Half-Wave Rectifier
• The a.c. voltage is applied to the rectifier circuit
using step-down transformer-rectifying element
i.e., p- n junction diode and the source of a.c.
voltage, all connected is series.

• The a.c. voltage is applied to the rectifier circuit

using step-down transformer
V=Vm sin (wt)
The input to the rectifier circuit, Where Vm is the peak
value of secondary a.c. voltage.
• Operation:
•
• For the positive half-cycle of input a.c. voltage, the diode D is
forward biased and hence it conducts.

• Now a current flows in the circuit and there is a voltage drop

across RL.

• The waveform of the diode current (or) load current is shown in

fig 3.

• For the negative half-cycle of input, the diode D is reverse biased

and hence it does not Conduct.

• Now no current flows in the circuit i.e., i=0 and Vo=0. Thus for the
• Analysis:
•
•
• In the analysis of a HWR, the following parameters are to be analyzed.
•
•
• 1. DC output current
•
• 2. DC Output voltage
•
• 3. R.M.S. Current
•
• 4. R.M.S. voltage
•
• 5. Rectifier Efficiency (η )
•
• 6. Ripple factor (γ ) 7. Peak Factor
•
• 8. % Regulation
•
• 9. Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)

• 10. form factor

•
• 11. o/p frequency
•
• Let a sinusoidal voltage Vi be applied to the input of
the rectifier.
•
• Then V=Vm sin (wt) Where Vm is the maximum
value of the secondary voltage.

• Let the diode be idealized to piece-wise linear

approximation with resistance Rf in the forward
direction i.e., in the ON state and Rr (=∞) in the
reverse direction i.e., in the OFF state.
• DISADVANTAGES OF HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
•
•
•
• 1. The ripple factor is high.
•
• 2. The efficiency is low.
•
• 3. The Transformer Utilization factor is low.
•
• Because of all these disadvantages, the half-wave
rectifier circuit is normally not used as a power
• FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:
•
• A full-wave rectifier converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc
voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage.

• In order to rectify both the half cycles of ac input, two diodes are
used in this circuit.

• The diodes feed a common load RL with the help of a center-tap

transformer.
• A center-tap transformer is the one, which produces two sinusoidal
waveforms of same magnitude and frequency but out of phase
with respect to the ground in the secondary winding of the
transformer.

• The full wave rectifier is shown in the fig 4 below shows the input
• During positive half of the input signal, anode of diode D1 becomes
positive and at the same time the anode of diode D2 becomes
negative. Hence D1 conducts and D2 does not conduct.

• The load current flows through D1 and the voltage drop across RL will
be equal to the input voltage.

• During the negative half cycle of the input, the anode of D1 becomes
negative and the anode of D2 becomes positive.

• Hence, D1 does not conduct and D2 conducts.

• The load current flows through D2 and the voltage drop across RL will
be equal to the input voltage.

• It is noted that the load current flows in the both the half cycles of ac
voltage and in the same direction through the load resistance.
• Advantages

• 1) Ripple factor = 0.482 (against 1.21 for HWR)

• 2) Rectification efficiency is 0.812 (against 0.405 for HWR)

• 3) Better TUF (secondary) is 0.574 (0.287 for HWR)

• 4) No core saturation problem

• Disadvantages:

• 1) Requires center tapped transformer.

HWR WITH CAPACITER FILTER
 Different Types of
Voltage Regulators
with Working
Principle
 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Introduction
■
■

►A voltage regulator is used to regulate voltage level. When a steady,

reliable voltage is needed, then voltage regulator is the preferred device.
It generates a fixed output voltage that remains constant for any changes
in an input voltage or load conditions. It acts as a buffer for protecting
components from damages. A voltage regulator is a device with a simple
feed- forward design and it uses negative feedback control loops.
 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Voltage Regulator

URE GULA REGULATED

TED OUTPUT (vout)
,
,
....
INPUT (Vin) .....
,..... C O N I F R ....
. 4

y
ERROR
SIGNAt SAMPLING
CIRCUIT

FEEDBACK
RE ERENCE .... COMPARATO _.... SIGNAL
vOI TAGF .... R ....
ClllCUIT
 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Different Types Of Voltage Regulators and Working Principle

►There are two types of Voltage regulators

1. Linear Voltage Regulator

2. Switching voltage regulator.

 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Types of Linear Voltage Regulators

►There are two types of Linear voltage regulators:

1. Series Voltage Regulator.

2. Shunt Voltage Regulator.

 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Types of Switching Voltage Regulator

►There are three types of Switching voltage regulators:

1. Step Up.

2. Step Down.

3. Inverter Voltage Regulator.

 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Linear Voltage Regulators

►Linear regulator acts like a voltage divider. In Ohmic region, it

uses FET. The resistance of the voltage regulator varies with
load resulting in constant output voltage.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Advantages Of Linear Voltage Regulator

►Gives a low output ripple voltage

►Fast response time to load or line changes
►Low electromagnetic interference and less noise

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Disadvantages Of Linear Voltage Regulator

►Efficiency is very low.

►Requires large space - heat sink is needed.
►Voltage above the input cannot be increased.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Series Voltage Regulator

Unregulated Regulated
lnp ut Output vout
-
u
Vin CONTROL
ELEMENT o

Control
Signal SAMPLING
CIRCUIT
Feedback
REFERENCE COMPARATOR signal
VOLTAGE CIRCUIT

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Series Voltage Regulator

►A series voltage regulator uses a variable element placed in series with

the load.

►By changing the resistance of that series element, the voltage dropped
across it can be changed.

►The voltage across the load remains constant.

►The amount of current drawn is effectively used by the load.
►This is the main advantage of the series voltage regulator.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Series Voltage Regulator

►Even when the load does not require any current.

►The series regulator does not draw full current.
►Therefore, a series regulator is considerably more efficient
than shunt voltage regulator.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Series Voltage Regulator Circuit

RL
1k ohms

10\Vz . .

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Shunt Voltage Regulator

►A shunt voltage regulator works by providing a path from the supply

voltage to ground through a variable resistance.

►The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load.
►than
It flows uselessly to the ground, making this form usually less efficient
the series regulator.

►It is, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage-reference diode.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Shunt Voltage Regulator

►It is used in very low-powered circuits wherein the wasted

current is too small to be of concern.

►This form is very common for voltage reference circuits.

►A shunt regulator can usually only sink (absorb) current.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Shunt Voltage Regulator

Vi Rgenes hos I s o n
Vo=V%
Unregulated lshunt [Io5
Input Control
CONTROL Signal SAMPLIN
ELEMENT G
CIRCUIT

Feedback
REFERENCE COMPARATOR Si nal
VOLTAGE CIRCUIT

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Applications of Shunt Regulators

►Shunt regulators are used in:

• Low Output Voltage Switching Power Supplies.

• Current Source and Sink Circuits.

• Error Amplifiers.

• Adjustable Voltage or Current Linear and Switching Power Supplies.

• Voltage Monitoring.

• Analog and Digital Circuits that require precision references.

• Precision current limiters.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Switching Voltage Regulator

►A switching regulator rapidly switches a series device on and off.

►The switch's duty cycle sets the amount of charge transferred to the load.
►This is controlled by a feedback mechanism similar to that of a linear
regulator.

►Switching regulators are efficient because the series element is either

fully conducting or switched off because it dissipates almost no power.

►Switching regulators are able to generate output voltages that are higher
than the input voltage or of opposite polarity, unlike linear regulators.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Switching Voltage Regulator

Pass Switching Regulator Circuit

Transis
tor
I I

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L---------------"
REF 1 / Relaxation Oscillator
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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Switching Voltage Regulator

►Switching
output.
voltage regulator switches on and off rapidly to alter the

►It requires a control oscillator and also charges storage components.

►It is more difficult to filter out that noise, in a switching regulator with
Pulse Rate Modulation varying frequency, constant duty cycle and noise
spectrum imposed by PRM vary.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Switching Voltage Regulator

►A switching regulator with Pulse Width Modulation, constant

frequency, varying duty cycle, is efficient and easy to filter out noise.

►In a switching regulator, continuous mode current through an inductor

never drops to zero. It allows highest out put power. It gives
bett er performance.

►In a switching regulator, discontinuous mode current through the

inductor drops to zero. It gives bett er performance when the
out put current is low.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Switching Topologies

►It has two types of topologies:

►Dielectric isolation.
►Non- isolation.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Switching Topologies

1. Non -Isolation:

►It is based on small changes in Vout/ Vin.

► Examples are Step Up voltage regulator (Boost) - Raises input
voltage; Step (Buck) - lowers input voltage.
Down
►Step up/ Step Down (boost/ buck) Voltage regulator - Lowers or
raises or inverts the input voltage depending on the controller.

► Charge pump - It provides multiples of input without using

inductor.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Switching Topologies

2. Dielectric - Isolation:

►It is based on radiation and intense environments.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Advantages of Switching Topologies

►The main advantages of a switching power supply are efficiency, size, and
weight.

► It is also a more complex design, which is capable of handling higher

power efficiency.

►Switching voltage regulator can provide output, which is greater than or

less than or that inverts the input voltage.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Disadvantages of Switching Topologies

►Higher output ripple voltage.

►Slower transient recovery time.
►EMI produces very noisy output.
►Very expensive.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Step Up Voltage Regulator

+V
%tot

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Step Up Voltage Regulator

►Step-up switching converters, also called boost switching regulators.

►It provides a higher voltage output by raising the input voltage.
►The output voltage is regulated, as long as the power drawn is within
the output power specification of the circuit.

►For driving strings of LEDS, Step up Switching voltage regulator is

used.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Step Up Voltage Regulator
► Assume Lossless circuit Pin= and output powers are same)

Pout (input

Then VI,= Vo hoot,

a/1,=
From this, it is (1-D)
inferred that in this circuit

o Powers remain same

o Voltage increases

o Current decreases

o Equivalent to DC transformer

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Step Down {Buck) Voltage Regulator

+ Vou
t

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Step Down {Buck) Voltage Regulator

►It lowers the input voltage.

►If input power is equal to output power, then

►Step down converter is equivalent to DC transformer wherein the

turns ratio is in the range of 0-1.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Step Up/Step Down {Boost/Buck)

-V
%out

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Step Up/Step Down {Boost/Buck)

►It is also called Voltage inverter. By using this configuration, it is possible to

raise, lower or invert the voltage as per the requirement.

o Output voltage is of opposite polarity of the input.

o This is achieved by VL forward- biasing reverse biased diode during

the off times.

o producing current and charging the capacitor for voltage production

during the off times.

o By using this type of switching regulator, 90% efficiency can be

achieved.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Alternator Voltage Regulator

►Alternators produce the current that is required to meet a vehicle's electrical

demands when the engine runs.

►It also replenishes the energy which is used to start the vehicle.
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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Alternator Voltage Regulator

► An alternator has the ability to produce more current at lower than

speeds
Alternator
the has that
DC generators twowere
parts:
once used by most of the vehicles.

►1. Stator
►This is a stationary component, which does not move.
► It contains a set of electrical conductors wound in coils over
an iron core.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Alternator Voltage Regulator

2. Rotor/ Armature

►This is the moving component that produces a rotating magnetic

field by any one of the following three ways:

(i) induction

(ii) permanent magnets

(iii) using an exciter.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Electronic Voltage Regulator

►A simple voltage regulator can be made from a resistor in series with a

diode (or series of diodes).

► Due to the logarithmic shape of diode V-I curves.

►The voltage across the diode changes only slightly due to changes in
current drawn or changes in the input.

►When precise voltage control and efficiency are not important, this
design may work fine.

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Transistor Voltage Regulator

I hos

Vfi
g" 1. +Ha e lease
e
RLoad VLoad
lane,
; Zener

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 EL--PRO--CUS
Different Types of Voltage Regulators
t i 4 c Ta a w c t t o u e

with Working Principle

Transistor Voltage Regulator

►Electronic voltage regulators have astable voltage reference source that

is provided by the Zener diode,

►It is also known as reverse breakdown voltage operating diode.

►It maintains a constant DC output voltage.
►The AC ripple voltage is blocked, but filter cannot be blocked.
►Voltage regulator also has an extra circuit for short circuit protection,
and current limiting circuit, over voltage protection, and thermal
shutdown.

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 TECHNIQUE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
8

SWITCHED MODE
,~p ';;"~\ 3
POWER SUPPLY
" 9 g )

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(SMPS)
.
&
UNINTERRUPTABLE POWER SUPPLV(UPS)
• General description of Power Supply
• Basic principle of PSU and description of main parts
• Block diagram of SMPS Comparison
• over Linear supply
• Advantages/Disadvantages of SMPS
• Applications of SMPS
• What is UPS
• Type of UPS
• UPS Component
• Block diagram of Different UPS
• Advantages/Disadvantages of UPS
• Applications of UPS
• Power supplies provide the necessary power,
voltage and current requirements for
electronic devices. r
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• They usually change ac to de vo tage.

- For example, 120 volts ac is changed to 13.8 volts
de.
 s i c Principles of PSU Circuits

AC ,.
t . transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator ,. DC
Input Outpu
t t
om/ofswitch Fus
e

Consist of:
1. Transformer - steps ac voltage up or down.
2. Rectifier Diodes - change ac "ripple" dc.
3. to
Filter Network - includes capacitors and
inductors, smooth out the ripples.
4. Voltage Regulator - keeps the voltage
constant.
Half Wave - Full Wave Rectifier Bridge Rectifier
Eve 1.4
F u
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Ripple 4 8 / 12 0

Rectifier EuD1 Eu Hz 1. 4

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• Capacitors and inductors are used in power
supply filter networks. The capacitors and
inductors smooth out the "ripple" ac to de.

ft
ecl'
+ loa
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C'ct
• Grounding is important.
• Connection integrity is important.
- Somewhere neutral and ground are connected
together.
• Bleeder resistors across the filter
capacitors
"bleed off" charge when supply is turned off.

4
From
ecttier 4- T
Circuit o
Loa
d
□An electrical supply that incorporates a
to convert electrical power
power
switching regulator
efficiently.

□It transfers power from a source, to a load,

□converting while
Voltage regulation is achieved by varying
voltage and current characteristics.
the
ratio of on-to-off time.
Functional Block Diagram of SMPS
In p u t r e-c t l-Ple- r & t 3 00 V HI g h .Pre- quency [lu t r e c t lf le r ~V

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 Linear and S P S Comparison
Efficiency :
Cost:
• Efficiency comparisons • Cost comparison between
between series pass and series pass and switch mode
switch mode power supply power supply
Efficienc
y
100
8
0
[Series pa55
6 [zEfcien
0 t-------.-------.--------1
e] switch mode
40
20 I
100- 200 w
f 2
0 19 7 8 - 2 0 0 W
Power Supply 19 8 0 - 10 0 W
19 8 2 - 50 W
 Linear and S P S Comparison
Volume
• Volume / Weight :

• Adjustable Frequency :
Switch mode allows adjusting the frequency
from 1 to 300 kHz
• Flexibility :
SMPS more flexible due to capability of
adju sting frequency
 Linear and S P S Comparison
• Noise:

Switch mode

Series pass

Noise comparison between series pass and SMPS

Aullvrant ages Disadvantages o? SM2S
& ower Linear Power Supplies:
Advantages of SMPS:
1. Lower weight
2. Smaller size
3. Higher efficiency 1 0
4. Lower power dissipation
5. Wide ac input voltage range
6. Reduced costs
I
,+:
Disadvantages of SMPS: 3

1.Complexity of the circuit

2
• 1. Machine tool industries
• 2. Security Systems
(Closed circuit cameras)
• 3. Support supplies with PLC's
• 4. Personal Computers
• 5. Mobile Phone chargers
iball 600W Cooler master SS0W
Antee 750W
Rs.4700 Rs.3800
Rs.6600

UMAX450W
Seasonic S00W Corsair 750W
Rs.570
Rs.3600 Rs.10700
 U NINTERRU PIT1ELIE: POWER
SUPPLII
AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY {UPS) IS
A DEVICE THAT HAS AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF
ENERGY THAT CAN PROVIDE POWER WHEN THE
PRIMARY POWER SOURCE IS TEMPORARIL_Y
DISABLED
---

THE SWITCHOVER TIME MUST BE SMALL

ENOUGH TO NOT CAUSE A DISRUPTION IN THE
OPERATION OF THE LOADS
• PROTECTS AGAINST MULTIPLE TYPES OF POWER
DISTURBANCES
• ONLY DEVICE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST AN OUTAGE
• OFFERS PROTECTION AGAINST
►EQUIPMENT NOT OPERATING PROPERLY
►COMPUTER AND EQUIPMENT DAMAGE
►DATA LOSS
>TIME AND EXPENSE TO RECOVER BACK TO
WHERE YOU WERE, IF EVEN POSSIBLE
 UPS
f
I
ON OFF Line UPS
Line
UPS
• CONVERTER - AC TO DC
► SPD - PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES AND
• BATTERY
►
TRANSIENTS
STORED ENERGY DEVICE -
PROTECTS AGAINST
INTERRUPTIONS
• INVERTER - DC TO AC
► WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS
PROTECTS AGAINST DC OFFSET AND INTER
►
-
FILTER - PROTECTS AGAINST HARMONICS, AND NOISE
► VOLTAGE REGULATOR - PROTECTS AGAINST SAGS, SURGES
NOTCHING
FLUCTUATIONS
• AND AND CONTROL HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE
MONITOR
 8LOCK Ole.GR.#A.I
GN LIAMI UPS
E
~
CRITICAL
AUTOMATIC ... LOAD
SWITCH
(AC)
CONVERTER INVERTER
. . .
ACTO DC DCTOAC
~ ~ ~
. . .
~
. . .

BATTERY

%
----
-------
INVERTER FAIL
 8LOCK Ole.GR.#A.I
OF LJNF UP
F S
.
~
. CRITICAL
AUTOMATIC ... LOAD
.
SWITCH
(AC)
... BATTERY ... INVERTER ...
CHARGER DCTOAC
~

BATTERY

AC FAIL
AWANTAG ES / DIS-AIDWANT#AGES OF
THE DIFFERENT UPS ARCHTEC:TURFS
OFF LINE UPS ADVANTAGES
► AC TO DC CONVERTER/ BATTERY CHARGER DOES NOT HAVE
►PROVIDE
TO LESS STRESS ON DC TO AC INVERTER SINCE IT RUNS AT NO
FULL LOAD POWER (POTENTIALLY CHEAPER}
LOAD
UNTIL UPS SWITCHES TO BATTERY POWER (POTENTIALLY
CHEAPER}

ON-LINE UPS ADVANTAGES

► ZERO SWITCHOVER TIME FROM MAIN LINE TO BATTERY
► ALWAYS ISOLATED FROM POWER DISTURBANCES ON THE
POWER
MAIN
LINE
• UPS are used in computers, data processors,
data transmitters, microwave relay station,
digit al and nuclear reactor control
cont rollers
syst em.

B ack-trS
cs
5 o
o