BIO 2111

Lab 1 – Body Organization and Microscope

 Learning objectives

Full structures list for Relevant diagrams for Visible body and Case studies Medical Terminology Kahoot jeopardy
lab 1 lab 1 histology resource (today only)
tutorials
 Structures list 1
• Anatomical Positions • Organ systems
• Ventral (Anterior)
• Dorsal (Posterior)
• Integumentary
• Cranial • Skeletal
• Rostral • Muscular
• Caudal
• Medial • Nervous
• Lateral • Endocrine
• Proximal • Cardiovascular
• Distal
• Superficial • Lymphatic
• Deep • Respiratory
• Anatomical planes • Digestive
• Frontal
• Transverse
• Urinary
• Sagittal • Reproductive
 Structures list 2
• Anatomical regions
• Frontal
• Anatomical regions
• Digital (Phalangeal)
• Anatomical zones • Cavities
• Nasal • Patellar
• Right upper • Cranial cavity
• Occular • Crural quadrant
• Otic • Tarsal • Left upper quadrant • Vertebral
• Buccal • Hallux • Right lower cavity
• Cervical • Pedal
• Facial • Femoral
quadrant • Orbital cavity
• Cranial • Pubic • Left lower quadrant • Nasal cavity
• Cephalic • Inguinal • Hypochondriac
• Oral • Manual region (Right and
• Paranasal
• Mental • Pelvic
left) cavity
• Axillary • Umbilical
• Branchial • Abdominal • Epigastric region • Oral cavity
• Antecubital • Mammary • Lumbar region (Right • Thoracic
• Antebrachial • Thoracic and left)
• Carpal • Acromial cavity
• Umbilical region
• Palmar • Dorsal
• Inguinal region
• Abdominopel
• Pollex • Olecranal
• Gluteal • Lumbar (Right and left) vic cavity
• Popliteal • Sural
• Hypogastric region
• Plantar • Calcaneal
 Structures list 3
• Microscope architecture • Microscope architecture
• Ocular lenses • Iris diaphragm
• Body tubes • Substage light
• Head • Power switch
• Arm • Coarse adjusting knob
• Nosepiece • Fine adjusting knob
• Objective lens • Mechanical stage control knobs
• Stage • Base
• Mechanical stage • Light control
• Condenser lens
 Standing in the anatomical position
Description of the human body assume a specific stance

Anatomical position
Body upright
Standing erect facing the observer
Head and eyes facing forward
Feet are flat on the floor and forward
Upper limbs to the sides
Palms turned forward
Anatomical planes and positions

Rostral
Anatomical planes
 Anatomical positions
Rostral
 Protection, sweat,
vitamin D production

Organ systems Structural scaffold,

Calcium storage, RBC
production
Movement and glycogen
storage

Fast communication
modulator

Slow communication
modulator (Hormones)

O2 delivery system via

blood

Pathogen recognition
and destruction

O2 ventilation such that

blood can access it

The breakdown of food

into monomers for
absorption
The separation of good
constituents of blood
from bad
The creation and
distribution of haploid
cells
Anatomical regions
Know the bold terminology
 Anatomical zones

Area contains many organs

Important to divide this into smaller descriptive terms
› “Tenderness in left upper quad may be a physical sign of ruptured spleen”
 Cavities
Body contains 2 major cavities:

1. Dorsal
 Cranial
• Contains Brain
 Vertebral
• Contains spinal cord
• Completely surrounded by bone
2. Ventral
 Thoracic (superior)
• Pleural (lungs)
• Mediastinum (thymus, trachea, esophagus, some blood
vessels)
• Pericardial (heart)
 Abdominopelvic (inferior)
• Abdominal (many digestive organs)
• Pelvic (continuous with abdominal, contains reproductive
organs, urinary bladder, terminal portions of large intestine)
• PERITONIAL cavity
Ventral body Cavity
Levels of organization
Microscope architecture
 Microscopic

M1=100×; D1=4.0mm
M2=200×; D2 is unknown
Formula  M1D1 = M2D2
(100×)(4.0mm) = (200×)(D2)
D2 =(100×)(4.0mm)/200×=2.0mm
 Finding structures and organ
systems on VB
• Please navigate VB and find:

• Corpus Callosum
• GI tract, Liver
• Kidney, Spleen
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Cranial Nerve 7
• Popliteal artery
• Scaphoid bone
• Plantaris muscle
• Tricuspid valve of the heart
 Case studies
• Case studies are scenarios where patients present with a set of
symptoms and we look to understand what is happening. You will use
knowledge that you have learned in both lecture and lab to
understand how pathologies are codified and described in medical
terminology.
 Case Study 1
Taylor is a 29-year-old women presenting to the emergency room with lacerations to the
lower region of antebrachial area and the epigastric region after falling into a fence. Taylor
is given a broad-spectrum antibiotic and discharged. 36 hours later Taylor is re-admitted
with nausea, abdominal distension and tarry stool. What is your next course of action?

Women
Lacerations – deep wound, can heal well
Lower region of the antebrachial area - forearm
Epigastric region - contains the majority of the
stomach, part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of
the duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal
glands.
Broad spectrum antibiotic?
Symptoms post 36-hours
Next – CT scan, bleeding in the GIT
 Case Study 2
Hector is a 34-year-old male presenting to the emergency room with a suspected
gunshot wound to the left mammary region. Patient has worsening labored
breathing, and received a tracheotomy by the Paramedics en route to the ER.

Gunshot – exit wound; pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

Left mammary region – chest region
Labored breathing (abnormal respiration, increased effort to breathe)
Tachycardia (Irregular, fast heart rate)
Tracheotomy (incision on the anterior aspect of the neck, to relieve an obstruction to breathing)
 Case Study 3
Karen is a 55-year-old patient presenting to her gastroenterologist with sharp pains
in the umbilical region. Previously Karen has had pre-cancerous regions of her
colon resected. CT scan suggests that there is a 2cm lesion on the inferior surface
of the transverse colon. A sample of tissue collected from the endoscopy has high
KI-67 staining.

Umbilical region
Inferior surface of the transverse colon
KI-67 stain: dividing cells show strong ki-67
staining in cell nuclei
 Medical Terminology
(components and breakdown)
• Learn to break words apart and understand the components’ meanings so
you don’t have to memorize everything!

• Components of words
• Root word: foundation
• Prefix: usually describes intensity/location
• Suffix: usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech
• Combining vowels: join multiple roots together

• App store: “Medical Terms & Abbreviations”

• Green thumbnail with white cross in the middle
 Root Words
• Cardi/o: heart (cardiopulmonary) • Chem/o: chemical (chemoreceptor)
• Hepat/o: liver (hepatitis) • Carbo/o: carbon (hypercarbia)
• Nephr/o: kidney (nephron) • Carp/o: wrist (carpal tunnel)
• Neur/o: nerves (neurogenesis) • Oste/o: bone (osteocyte)
• Psych/o: mind (psychology) • Gastr/o: stomach (gastroenterologist)
• Thorac/o: chest (thoracic)
• Arthr/o: joint (arthritis) NOTE: “/o” indicates a combining vowel
• Pulmon/o: lungs (pulmonologist)
• Cyan/o: blue (cyanotic)
• Melan/o: black (melanocyte)
 Prefixes: intensity and location
• Hyper- over, excessive, high • Ad- to, toward
• Hypo- under, below normal • Peri- around
• Tachy- rapid, fast • Trans- across, through
• Brady- slow • Ecto- out, outside
• Epi- above, upon, on • Endo- in, inside
• Supra- above, over • Extra- outside, in addition
• Sub- under, beneath • Intra- inside, within
• Infra- below, under
• Ab- away from,
 Suffixes: a procedure, condition,
disease, or part of speech
• -ic: pertaining to • -emia: blood condition
• -al: pertaining to • -cyte: cell
• -algia: related to pain
• -ectomy: surgical removal of…
• -itis: inflammation
• -logy: study of…
• -logist: specialist
• -pathy: disease
 Dissecting Medical Terms
• Order of dissection:
1. Start with suffix • Analgesic (An/alges/ic)
2. Move to prefix if there is one • Suffix: ic: pertaining to
3. End with the root word
• Prefix: an: without, absent
• Nephropathy (Nephr/o/pathy) • Root: alges: pain
• Suffix: pathy: disease • “Pertaining to no pain”
• Root: nephr/o: kidney • Hypoglycemic (Hypo/glyc/emic)
• “Disease of the kidney” • Suffix: emic: pertaining to blood
• Osteocyte (Oste/o/cyte) condition
• Suffix: cyte: cell • -Ic: pertaining to
• Root: oste/o: bone • -Emia: blood condition
• “Bone cell” • Prefix: hypo: under, below normal
• Root: glyco: sugar (glucose)
• “Pertaining to low blood sugar”
 OPTIONAL-Kahoot Jeopardy
• Please take out your phone and download an application called
Kahoot
• https://kahoot.com/home/mobile-app/
• Use your full name as listed on your student ID so we can count your
involvement as participation
• You receive participation, if you participate, not if you get everything correct
• Sign into the game using the game ID
• These Kahoot questions will be available for you to study from in a
jeopardy-type manner. Most practical questions will be almost
identical to the questions/ images found on Kahoot.