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Synthesis of biological micromolecules

The document outlines an educational activity focused on biological macromolecules, where students will engage in a word jumble game to introduce the topic. It details the objectives for understanding biological macromolecules, including their definitions, synthesis processes (dehydration and hydrolysis), and classifications such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Additionally, it explains the structure and types of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with their significance in daily life.

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Sherwin Ambito
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3 views36 pages

Synthesis of biological micromolecules

The document outlines an educational activity focused on biological macromolecules, where students will engage in a word jumble game to introduce the topic. It details the objectives for understanding biological macromolecules, including their definitions, synthesis processes (dehydration and hydrolysis), and classifications such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Additionally, it explains the structure and types of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with their significance in daily life.

Uploaded by

Sherwin Ambito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Activity Time!

Let's Figure It Out


Direction
• The class will be divided into two groups.
• Each group will be given a set of jumbled letters to be
arranged with the help of the clue provided.
• Each member is expected to participate actively in figuring
out what the jumbled letters are.
• The first group who can arrange the words correctly, wins.
• After the activity, the teacher will ask about what will be the
topic for today using those words.
BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECU
LES
OBJECTIVE
At theS:
end of the discussion, you are
expected to:
01 describe what is biological
macromolecules;
compare and contrast dehydration
02
synthesis from hydrolysis reaction using
venn diagram; and
give importance on biological
03 macromolecules in our life through real-
life examples.
What is Biological
Biological
Macromolecules? macromolecules
(polymers) are large and critical
molecules or nutrients necessary
for life which built from different
combinations of smaller organic
molecules (monomers) from
R MAJOR CLASSES OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

Carbohydrat 03
Proteins
es
04
Lipids Nucleic
Acids
SYNTHESIS OF
BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECU
LES
DEHYDRATION
Most macromolecules
SYNTHESIS are
made from single subunits, or
building blocks, called
monomers. The monomers
combine with each other using
covalent bonds to form larger
In doing so, monomers release
water molecules as byproduct.
This type of reaction is known
as dehydration synthesis,
which means "to put together
while losing water."
Dehydration synthesis of two molecules of
glucose linked together to form the
disaccharide maltose.
HYDROLYSIS
Polymers are broken down
into monomers in a process
known as hydrolysis, which
means "to split water," a
reaction in which a water
molecule is used during the
break down.
During these reactions, the
polymer is broken into two
components: one part gains a
hydrogen atom (H+) and the
other gains hydroxyl molecule
(OH-) from a split water
molecule.
Hydrolysis reaction of disaccharide maltose
is broken down to form two glucose
monomers.
Dehydration and hydrolysis are
catalyzed, or "sped up" by specific
enzymes— these are proteins
produced by living cells.
CARBOHYDRA
TES
OBJECTIVE
At theS:
end of the discussion, you are
expected to:
01 describe what is carbohydrates;

conduct an experiment identifying a


02
food if it is simple or complex
carbohydrates; and
give importance on carbohydrates
03 through identifying some of its sources
and its beneficial effects in our daily life.
CARBOHYDRA Carbohydrates are
essential part of our
TES diet as they provide
energy to the body
particularly through
glucose—simple
sugar that is a
component of starch
and an ingredient in
many staple foods.
The term
CARBOHYDRA carbohydrates
TES derived from its
components of
carbon "carbon" and
water "hydrate."
Carbohydrates have
a stoichiometric
formula of (CH2O)n
where n is the
number of carbons
Carbohydrates
are classified into
three subtypes:
•
Monosaccharid
es
•
Disaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES
(mono-= "one"; sacchar-=
"sweet" are simple sugar,
the most common of which
is glucose. Carbons in
polysaccharide usually
ranges from three to seven.
Most monosaccharide names
If the sugar has an aldehyde
group, it is known as an
aldose, and if it has ketone
group, it is known as a
ketose. Depending on the
number of carbons in the
sugar, they also may be
known as trioses, pentoses,
COMMON
MONOSACCHARIDES
• Glucose- is also known as
dextrose or sugar in blood.
• Galactose- part of lactose,
or milk sugar.
• Fructose- found in sucrose,
in fruit.
Glucose, galactose, and
fructose have the same
chemical formula (C6H12O6),
but they differ structurally and
chemically (and are known as
isomers). Hence, glucose and
galactose are aldoses, and
fructose is a ketose.
DISACCHARIDES
(di-= "two" form when two
monosaccharides undergo a
dehydration reaction. A
covalent bond formed between
two monosaccharides is known
as a glycosidic bond.
Common
Disaccharides
• Lactose— consist of monomers
glucose and galactose. It is
found naturally in milk.
• Maltose— (malt sugar) consist
of two glucose molecules.
• Sucrose— (table sugar)
composed of the monomers
POLYSACCHARIDE
A long chain of
monosaccharides linked by
glycosidic bonds is known as
a polysaccharide (poly-=
"many"). The chain may be
branched or unbranched, and
POLYSACCHARIDE
The molecular weight may be
100,000 daltons or more
depending on the number of
monomers joined. Starch,
glycogen, cellulose, and
chitin are primary examples
COMMON
• Starch- stored form of
POLYSACCHARIDES
sugars in plants and is made
up of a mixture of amylose
and amylopectin (both
polymers of glucose).
• Glycogen- is the storage
form of glucose in humans
and other vertebrates and is
made up of glucose
monomers. Whenever blood
glucose decrease, glycogen is
broken down to release
glucose in the process known
• Cellulose- is the most
abundant natural biopolymer
and is made up of glucose
monomers that are linked by
betta 1-4 glygosidic bonds.
Cellulose Molecular Structure
Every other glucose monomer
in cellulose is flipped over,
and the monomers are
packed tightly as extended
long chains. This gives
cellulose its rigidity and high
tensile strength— which is so
important in plant cell.
While the betta 1-4 linkage
cannot be broken down by
human digestive enzymes,
herbivores such as cows,
koalas, Buffaloes, and horses
are able, with the help of the
specialized flora in their
stomach, to digest plant
Cellulase, the enzyme that
certain species of bacteria and
protests resides in the rumen
(part of the digestive system
of herbivores) can break down
cellulose into glucose
monomers that can be used as
an energy source by the
• Chitin- is a polysaccharide
containing nitrogen. It is made
of repeating units of N-acetyl-
Betta-d-glucosamine, a
modified sugar that forms part
of the hard outer covering of
insects, arachnids, and
crustaceans which protects
THANK YOU!

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