BASIC REFRIGERATION

PRINCIPLES,
FORMULAS AND
PROBLEM
Prepared by:
Engr. Syra Lyn B. Magistrado
HISTORY OF REFRIGERATION

EVOLUTION OF
Refrigerators
1824-2020
• The GREEK and ROMAN
civilizations transported a large
amount of snow and ice from the
mountains, put it in storage pits
and covered it with insulating
materials.
 1841
• In 1841- invented by Dr. John
Gorries the first mechanical ice
machine.
• Gorries basic principle was
cooling caused by the rapid
expansion of gases. Using two
double acting force pumps he first
condensed and then rarified air.
This is the one most often used in
refrigeration even today.
 1921
• Wooden Ice Box
• This early refrigerator (Ice Box) is
made of wood and is quite simple. Ice
is stored in the Box with food to keep
it cold. It was insulated by cork or
other good insulators.
 1927
• General Electric “Monitor-
Top” Refrigerator
• Finally, it was in Fort Wayne,
Indiana, a General Electric
Company produced this home
refrigerator. They were quite
expensive, around 1,000
dollars nearly twice as much
as an automobile at that time.
• Throughout the late 1920s, most refrigerators still
used combinations of toxic gasses as refrigerators.
The gas compounds had to be changed with safer
ones since accidents involving gas leaks continued
to occur. This led to the development of freon-
colorless, odorless, nonflammable, noncorrosive
and nontoxic.
Nov 11, 1930- Einstein’s refrigerator
patent
During World war II refrigerator became more frequent
at home, with a massive production in the 1940s. Albert
Einstein designed his own refrigerator, known simply
as “Einstein’s Refrigerator” which required no
electricity. Einstein’s invention used pressurized
ammonia, butane, and water to keep food cool and
was used in the early forms of refrigerators.
1930
► Many different refrigerants have been developed
over the years. The refrigerant R-12, a
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), was developed in
1931 by Thomas Midgley of Ethyl Corporation
and C. F. Kettering of General Motors. it was
produced by DuPont. By the 1930s refrigeration
was well on its way to being used extensively in
American homes and commercial establishments.
1935 - METAL ICE BOX
• Metal Ice Boxes were used for a
number of things that the wooden
ones could not do. For instance ,
they were used for things such as
ice cream carts, and could be more
portable.
• They were often galvanized to
prevent rust. Metal Ice boxes were
also used for the ice man, who
would go house to house delivering
ice.
1939
• In 1939, the Copeland Company introduced the
first successful semi-hermetic (Copelametic)
field-serviceable compressor.
1950 Kelvinator Refrigerator /Freezer
• The 1950s were a
groundbreaking time for fancy
refrigerator enhancements. At
that time, refrigerators were
marketed toward housewives
and were a prideful addition to
any household.
• A popular home design and
decorating scheme was to
match your colorful refrigerator
to the cupboards and walls of
your kitchen.
1990 French doors and Stainless Facades
• Sleek and modern
• French-door style, with a
double door and above
freezer.
1990 CFC Refrigerators
• A Slightly more modern
refrigerator. They used
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) as a
refrigerant. This substance is
an ozone depleting substance.
They also are powerful green
house gasses that contribute
to climate change. It can
cause serious problem if there
was a leak.
2010 MODERN Refrigerators
2010 MODERN Refrigerators
WHAT IS REFRIGERATION?
• Process that involves
removal of heat from the
area which is desired to be
kept cool and the rejection
of that heat to an area
whose temperature
remains practically
constant.
 WHAT IS VENTILATION?

• It is the circulation and

refreshing of air in a
space
withoutnecessary
change of temperature.
WHAT IS TEMPERATURE?
TEMPERATURE is the measurement of heat
level in a substance. It is the hotness or
coldness of the body. The movement of
molecules is the starting point of the
temperature. The instrument used to measure
the temperature of the substance is called
THERMOMETER.
WHAT IS MATTER?
MATTER-is anything that occupies space and
it has mass and weight, matter is compose of
MOLECULES.
► THE 3 STATES OF MATTER ARE;
SOLID,
LIQUID AND GAS
TEMPERATURE unit conversion
To change a Celsius reading to Fahrenheit, use the
formula
̊̊ F= 9/5 ̊ C + 32
To change a Fahrenheit reading to Celsius, use the
formula
̊ C= 5/9 ( ̊ F-32 )
To change to Absolute temperature
̊ K= ̊ C + 273
̊ R= ̊ F + 460
 Major Components in
Refrigeration Cycle
COMPRESSOR-used to compress the low
pressure gas to high pressure thereby
raising its boiling point, used to circulate
the refrigerant within the system, used to
maintain low pressure at the evaporator to
maintain low temperature.
• The compressor is the “heart” of the system. The
compressor compresses the low pressure refrigerant
vapor from the evaporator and compresses it into a high
pressure vapor.

Types of Hermetically Sealed Compressor

1.Reciprocating
2.Rotary
3.Scroll
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR- Piston type
compressor. Usually applied for long pipe run
application due to its durability because of its mechanical
design (linear compression).
ROTARY COMPRESSOR - Often used for WRAC and
refrigerators due to its quiet operation.
 SCROLL COMPRESSOR- The most efficient type of
compressor. Combined durability (compliant scroll) of a
reciprocating compressor with a quiet performance like that
of a rotary.
 Major Components in
Refrigeration Cycle
CONDENSER-it act as heat exchanger
between hot gas refrigerant and cooling
medium, used to remove the heat of
Compression and latent heat of
condensation.
 Major Components in
Refrigeration Cycle

EVAPORATOR-it is used to conduct the

heat from the provisions to the refrigerant.
Allows evaporation of liquid refrigerant to
gaseous state.
 Major Components in
Refrigeration Cycle

► EXPANSION VALVE/METERING
DEVICE-it is used to expand the high
pressure warm liquid refrigerant into a
mixture of cold liquid refrigerant from
flooding back to condenser.
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
WHAT IS REFRIGERANT?
• If the compressor is the heart of the
system, the refrigerant is the blood of the
system. A refrigerant is a fluid that easily
boils at a lower temperature. It absorbs
heat in the evaporator and discharges
heat into the condenser.
Cont....
• The refrigerants that were used in mechanical
refrigeration in the early days were sulphur
dioxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia and methyl
chloride.
• The use of these refrigerants caused health
hazards to the users when they leaked. This
calls for new development of refrigerants that
were safe and non-toxic.
 • DuPont led the industry in the
invention of safer fluorocarbon
refrigerants with the introduction of
FREON 12 in 1931. The word
"Freon" hence become a trade
name for HCFCs and CFCs
refrigerants that are sold by this
company. This range of products
have been used extensively in air
conditioning and refrigeration
industry.
BASIS ON IDENTIFYING REFRIGERANT

1. Identify
refrigerant by
using digital
refrigerant
identifier
BASIS ON IDENTIFYING REFRIGERANT

2. BY PRESSURE
REFRIGERANT STANDARD
PRESSURE
► R-12 70 PSIG
► R-134A 90 PSIG (REF)
► R-22 150 PSIG (ACU)
► R-410A 200 PSIG (INVERTER)
BASIS ON IDENTIFYING REFRIGERANT

3. By Nameplate
specification
BASIS ON IDENTIFYING REFRIGERANT
4. BY COLOR
R-40A ROSE
► R-407B CREAM
► R-407C BROWN
► R-11 ORANGE
► R-12 WHITE
► R-22 GREEN
► R-113 PURPLE
► R-134A LIGHT BLUE
► R-114 DARK BLUE
► R-500 YELLOW
► R-502 ORCHID
► R-717 SILVER
► R-49A TAN
► R-123 LIGHT GRAY
► R-401A CORAL RED
► R-401B MUSTARD YELLOW
► R-401C AQUA
► R-404A ORANGE
APPLICATION
• Food processing, preservation and
distributionThe fundamental reason for having a
refrigerator is to keep food cold. Cold
temperatures help food stay fresh longer. The
basic idea behind refrigeration is to slow down
the activity of bacteria (which all food contains)
so that it takes longer for the bacteria to spoil
the food.
• COEFFICIENT OF
PERFORMANCE
REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE
𝑄𝑅 𝑇 𝐻𝑖𝑔h

𝑇𝐻

𝑊 𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑂
𝑄𝐴 𝑇 𝐿𝑜𝑤
SAMPLE:
A Carnot Cycle operates between and Find the
Coefficient of Performance?
EXAMPLE:
• A Refrigeration system
operates on the reversed
carnot cycle. The minimum
and maximum temperatures
are and , respectively. If the
heat rejected at the
condenser is 7000 kj/min,
find the power input required.
 SENSIBLE HEAT SENSIBLE HEAT
LATENT HEAT
(above freezing point) (below freezing point)

𝑸=𝒎( 𝑪 𝒑 ∆ 𝑻 𝒂 +𝒉 𝒇 + 𝑪 𝒑 ∆ 𝑻 𝒃)
𝒂 𝒃
 Properties of WATER:

𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑪 𝑷 =4.187 =1.0
𝑘𝑔 −℃ 𝑙𝑏− ℉
L= latent heat of fusion =

Specific (sensible) heat of ice =

Latent heat of vaporization (from and at 100℃) =

EXAMPLE:

• Determine the heat extracted from 1500kg of

water from to ice at

A. 566,874 KJ
B. 784,566 KJ
C. 847,656 KJ
D. 665,784 KJ
Example:

Determine the heat

extracted from 1500kg of
water from to ice at

𝑸=𝒎( 𝑪 𝒑 ∆ 𝑻 𝒂 +𝒉 𝒇 + 𝑪 𝒑 ∆ 𝑻 𝒃)
𝒂 𝒃
 Fish weighing 10,500 kg with a temperature of 18 ℃ is brought to a
cold storage and which shall be cooled to -9 ℃ in 10hours. Find the
required plant refrigerating capacity in tons of refrigeration if the
specific heat of fish is 0.8kCal/kg. ℃ above freezing and .25kCal/kg.
℃ below freeezing point which is -4 ℃. The latent heat of freezing is
45.5kCal/kg.