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The Alcohols

The document discusses the properties and production of ethanol, including its role in fermentation and its use in various products. It also covers the effects of alcohol on the body, the reactions of alcohols, and the process of making rum. Additionally, it highlights the dangers of ethanol consumption and its impact on health.

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Allison Andrews
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6 views8 pages

The Alcohols

The document discusses the properties and production of ethanol, including its role in fermentation and its use in various products. It also covers the effects of alcohol on the body, the reactions of alcohols, and the process of making rum. Additionally, it highlights the dangers of ethanol consumption and its impact on health.

Uploaded by

Allison Andrews
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grapes used for the manufacturing of rum

http://educationelectivemic2010.wordpress.com/2010/04/09/grapes-everywhere/

The Alcohols

Alcoholic Beverages
http://www.planningelegance.com/dilemma-of-the-open-bar/

Coconuts used for manufacturing of rum


http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/09/coconuts-capture-carbon-maldives.php
• The general formula of an alcohol is CnH2n+1OH.

• Sometimes you would see it depicted as R-OH. We learned earlier that R can stand for any
particular alkyl group.

• Chapter 27 focuses on the properties of ETHANOL.

• Such properties include its ability to dissolve stuff easily, its ability to evaporate readily and its
use as a fuel.

• Ethanol is a major ingredient in thinners, polish, deodorants and colognes.

• Have you ever seen anyone store away grapes or fruits in a jar over a very long period of
time? No? Yes? This process is known as anaerobic fermentation and ethanol is produced
from it. What does anaerobic mean?

Fruits being preserved


http://www.happy-mothering.com/2010/09/10/nourished-kitchen%E2%80%99s-preserving-summer%E2%80%99s-bounty-challenge-4-preserving-in-alcohol/
• The anaerobic fermentation process can be summarized as follows:

C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (conditions include enzymes, 37oC, right pH in aqueous solution)

• The above reaction contains a sugar which is glucose and the products are ethanol and
carbon dioxide.

• What do you think is the source of the enzymes for the above reaction?

• Yeasts are unicellular fungi that grow rapidly and bud freely if sucrose, water, specific
nitrogen sources, vitamins and mineral salts are present.

Budding Yeast Cells


http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/CAL/Microconcepts/Diversity/fungi.html

• How do you propose rum may be made? What must be involved?


The stages in the production of rum

• What is the functional group of the alcohol? Because of this functional group alcohols
are very reactive. Why do you think this is so?

• Ethanol is the primary focus throughout this chapter.

• Lower alcohols; methanol, ethanol propanol etc. react with metals high in the
electrochemical series: Na, Li, Mg and Ca. This type of reaction yields hydrogen gas and a
salt known as an alkoxide.

• Alkoxides are salts of alcohols. Can you predict the name of the salt bold printed in red?
2Na(s) + 2CH3CH2OH(g)  2CH3CH2ONa(s) + H2(g)
• Take a look at page 302 to view how wine may be made at home. Try answering the
questions.

• Alcohols may be oxidized via acidified potassium dichromate(VI) or acidified potassium


manganate(VII) into an aldehyde and then further oxidized into a carboxylic acid.

 H2O + CH3CHO  CH3COOH


CH3CH2OH KMnO4/H+ (water and Add more (Ethanoic acid)
warm ethanal are KMnO4/H+ warm
produced.
Ethanal here is
an intermediate)

• In the above reaction potassium manganate(VII) was used. What colour changes do
you think were involved? Can you draw the structures of ethanal and ethanoic acid?

• When potassium dichromate(VI) is used instead of potassium manganate the same


reaction takes place but the colour changes from orange to green. Why? What type of
metals are involved?
• The breathalyser test is a practical application of the oxidation of ethanol the picture
below depicts the mechanics of how the apparatus is intended to work. Can you
explain from the given picture what you think is going to happen?

Mechanism of how a breathalyser test works


http://www.practicalchemistry.org/experiments/the-breathalyser-reaction,234,EX.html

• Commercial breathalysers look like the one below. Instead of ethanol actually being
present within them ethanol is blown into the apparatus via the breath of a person
accused of drinking too much. Why is ethanol present in the breath of a drunk
person?

Digital breathalyser test


http://www.techrific.com.au/2006/06/breathalyser-alcohol-breath-tester-al.html
• Alcohols can be dehydrated to form alkenes in two ways:
1. Via the use of excess concentrated sulfuric acid at 170oC. This is just the reverse of
hydration of an alkene that we learned about in the previous chapter.
2. By passing ethanol vapour over activated alumina (Al2O3) heated to 450oC.

Ethanol(liquid)  Ethene(gas) + Water(liquid)

• Alcohols can also be converted into esters via the use of concentrated sulfuric acid as a
catalyst. The reaction is often referred to as a condensation reaction because water is
given off as a product when the carboxylic acid and the alcohol combines.

Organic acid(aqueous)+ alcohol(liquid)  ester(aqueous)+ water(liquid)

• Alcohols also burn in air. The reaction is highly exothermic. Methanol and Ethanol are
used as fuels. Try to write out the combustion reaction of ethanol in air. Ethanol
burns with a blue flame which means what?
• Ethanol is a toxic drug it affects and degrades the body in many ways. If over-consumed
it may cause death and because of its affinity for water ethanol can dry out the cell by
causing the protoplasm to precipitate out. Ethanol is oxidized within the liver and
though it contains energy it does not contain any vitamins, minerals or proteins.
Ingesting more ethanol than the body can take on rises the blood-ethanol level which
can lead to:
1. Impaired circulation
2. Accumulation of toxins
3. Excessive loss of fluids via urination
4. Problems with digestion
5. Partial destruction of the pancreas
6. Cirrhosis of the liver
7. Brain cell deterioration

• The reason ethanol is able to do this to the body is because:


1. Its particles are small enough to pass through the lining of the stomach to the blood
stream
2. Its effects can be felt soon after ingestion and also if the person did not eat
3. The effects of alcohol depends on the type of drink involved and the mass of the person’s
body and on the size of the person’s liver
4. Alcohol is a depressant which promotes sedation.

• Over all alcohol is generally bad for the body if abused.

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