TOPIC

1
Engine types and
their operation
Dr. Ali Turab Jafry
Incharge Biofuels and Microfluidics Lab
Internal Combustion Engines
John B. Heywood, 2nd Edition, MIT, 2018
 Cylinder Geometry

Intake manifold Exhaust manifold

and Valve and Valve

Compression ratio
Vc
maximum cylinder volume Vd  Vc
TDC rc  
Bore, B
minimum cylinder volume Vc
Vt
Vd Stroke, L Displaced (swept) volume
 B2
Vd  L
BDC 4
l

Connecting Rod
Vc, Vd, and Vt indicate clearance,
 Length displaced, and total cylinder
Crank Radius, a volumes.
2
 Operating Cycles
• Typical Values of rc 8 to 12 for SI (Petrol)
and 14 to 22 for CI (Diesel) engines
• 4-stroke cycle: Requires two complete
revolutions to complete a cycle
• 2-stroke cycle: Requires one complete
revolution to complete a cycle

3
Four-stroke operating cycle

4
Four-stroke operating cycle

Exhaust Inlet

Two crank shaft revolutions for each power stroke. back

Two-stroke operating cycle
Two-stroke (SI and CI engines)

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Two-stroke operating cycle

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Chrysler 2.2-liter displacement
four-cylinder spark-ignition engine.
B/S=87.5/92 mm, rc=8.9, maximum
power 65 kW at 5000 rpm
The diesel is a six-cylinder inline heavy duty truck engine. The function of the major components of
these engines and their construction materials will now be reviewed
 Crankshaft Balancing

Alfa Romeo V10 F1 Engine

 Engine Classifications
1. Application (road, railroad, airborne, utility, stationary)
2. Engine Configuration (Design) (reciprocating, rotary)
3. Cycle (four-stroke, two-stroke, naturally aspirated, supercharged)
4. Valve Design and Location (overhead, underhead )
5. Fuel (gasoline, diesel, CNG, LPG, biofuels, hydrogen, dual-fuel,)
6. Fuel/Air Mixing (carburetor, fuel injection SI, Diesel fuel injection)
7. Ignition (spark, compression)
8. Combustion Chamber design (open, divided)
9. Load Control (fuel control, fuel/air mixture control)
10. Cooling (water, air, uncooled)
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Engine Classifications
Engine Classifications
•Application
•Design
•Cycle
•Valve Location
•Fuel
•Fuel/Air Mixing
•Ignition
•Combustion chamber
•Load Control
•Cooling
 Reading assignment
Chapter 1. Engine types and their operation
1.1 Introduction and Historical perspective
1.2 Engine classifications
1.3 Engine operating cycles
1.4 Engine components
1.5 Spark-ignition engine operation
1.6 Examples of spark-ignition engines
1.5 Compression-ignition engine operation
1.6 Examples of compression-ignition engines
Indicate on appropriate sketch the different
forces that act on the piston for a given position
of the piston
 Indicate on appropriate sketch the different
forces that act on the piston for a given position
of the piston

It is interesting to examine force variation in the piston

during its motion.

The forces due to combustion gas force, Fp and the

inertia force, Fi , acting on the piston during its
downward motion during the suction stroke are shown.
These two forces have to be balanced by the force, FR ,
acting on the connecting rod.
Even though vertical component, Fd on the connecting
rod is balanced by Fp and Fi , the horizontal component,
Fs has to be balanced by the thrust reaction from the
cylinder wall.
Viscous friction force acting at the piston–wall interface
is given as FF
Spark Ignition Engines
Fuel must be vaporized and well mixed with air inducted into the cylinder prior
to combustion.
Carburetor or Single-point fuel injection
Gasoline direct injection is now in large scale production.

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Spark Ignition Engines
Modern layout of an SI engine management system.
Airflow, fuel flow, exhaust gas characteristics, & engine operating state are all
monitored and controlled to provide high engine performance and low exhaust
emissions.

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Spark Ignition Engines

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 Spark Ignition Engines
Crank angle is a useful independent
variable.
Fig shows pressure variation with CA and
the valve opening and closing angles,
volume relationship for a fixed valve timing
SI engine.
IVC Inlet valve opens before TC and closes
after BC.
During intake, the fresh fuel and air mix with
some residual gases from previous cycle.
After intake valve closes, the compression starts as cylinder volume is reduced.
Between 10 and 40 crank angle before TC, the spark plug start the combustion
process.
A flame develops which propagates through the air, fuel and residual gas in the
cylinder and extinguishes at chamber walls.
Duration of burning process is typically b/w 40 – 60 CA.
The non-fired cylinder pressure (motored cylinder pressure) given by dashed line is
the one without the combustion.
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 Spark Ignition Engines
There is an optimum spark timing for a
given mass of fuel, air, and residual gas
called the maximum brake torque (MBT)
timing.
About 2/3 of expansion stroke, the exhaust
valve opens (EVO). Blowdown process
starts. The exhaust valve open before the
end of expansion stroke so that blow down
process does not last too far into the
exhaust stroke when the piston moves up.
The actual timing is a compromise that balances reduced work transfer to the
piston before BC against reduced work transfer to the cylinder contents after
BC. Exhaust valve remains open just until after TC. The intake open just before TC.

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Compressi
on Ignition
Engines

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Heat Engine Lab
 Engine specification
Working cycle Four-stroke
Method of cooling Air-cooled
Rated power, kW 5.0
Rated speed, rpm 3600
Maximum torque, Nm 15.6 at 2650
rpm
Minimum stable idling, 1000
rpm
Combustion system Direct injection
Bore/stroke, mm 76.20/66.67
Engine displacement, l 0.304
Compression ratio 18.5
Injection timing, ºBTDC 24º
AC1 Lister-Petter diesel engine Fuel injector setting, bar 200
Transducers

Injector needle lift transducer

In-cylinder pressure
AVL quartz pressure
transducer QC34D

Fuel line pressure

AVL SL31D-3000 Line
pressure transducer
Transducers
AVL IndiModul 621 and amplifiers
back
back
 AVL DiCom 4000 NOx Gas analyzer

AVL DiCom 4000

NOx, CO, CO2, O2, HC

AVL Smokemeter
Dynamometer

back
Load monitoring

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Load monitoring

back
Control unit

back
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End of Topic
back
back
Major components of the Wankel rotary engine
Wankel four-stroke cycle engine operation
back
Two-rotor Wankel spark-ignition engine. Displacement of each working chamber
573 cm3, compression ratio 9.4, maximum power 55 kW at 7000 rpm.
back
back
Spark Ignition Engines
back

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Single point fuel injection
Multipoint port fuel injection
Direct injection in SI engines
Spark Ignition Engines

back

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Compression
Ignition Engines

 Air is drawn alone into the cylinder during intake. Fuel is directly injected into the cylinder at
high pressure just before the combustion is required.

 Load control is achieved by varying the amount of fuel injected.

 Airflow is not directly controlled and in naturally aspirated engines, it is unchanged.

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 Compression Ignition Engines
 Compression ratio of 14 to 22 for CI
engines.
 Valve timing is similar to SI.
 In naturally aspirated engine, air is
inducted from atm P and compressed
to 5 MPa and 600 °C.
 At 20 CA before TC, fuel injection into
the cylinder. The injector atomizes the
fuel into tiny droplets and entrains air to
penetrate into the bowl-in-piston
combustion chamber.
 The liquid drops evaporate and mix with
the air. The mixtures temp and
pressure are above the ignition point,
hence spontaneous autoignition occurs
and cylinder pressure rises as fuel
chemical energy is released.
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 Compressi
on Ignition
Engines
 An inline pump containing a set of
cam driven plungers (one for each
cylinder) operate in closely fitted
barrels.
 Early in the stroke of the plunger,
the inlet port is closed, and the fuel
trapped above the plunger is forced
through a check valve in the
injection line.
 The injection nozzle has one or
more holes.
 A spring loaded valve closes these
holes until the pressure in injection
line overcomes the spring force and
opens the valve. Injection starts.
 Injection stops when the inlet port is
uncovered by a helical groove in the
plunger, because the high pressure 58
is released.
 Compression Ignition Engines

 The amount of fuel injected (load control) is determined by the injector pump
cam design and the position of the helical groove. Rotating the plunger and its
helical groove varies the load.
 Fuel is injected directly between several hundred and more than 2000 bars
injection pressure.
 Injection system consists of a low pressure pump and a high pressure injection
pump, delivery pipes, and fuel injection nozzles.

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Compression
Ignition
Engines

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C
o
m
m
o
n

R
a
i
l
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 Direct-Injection systems

(a) quiescent chamber with multihole nozzle; (b) bowl-in-piston chamber with swirl
and multihole nozzle; (c) bowl-in-piston chamber with swirl and single-hole nozzle
Indirect-Injection systems

(a) swirl prechamber; (b) turbulent prechamber

Combustion
chamber
shapes

a) wedge

b) hemispherical

c) bowl-in-piston

d) bathtub

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 Practice Questions
• Exercise Problems 1.1 – 1.7.
• Reading Assignment:
Chapter 1. Engine types and their operation
1.1 Introduction and Historical perspective
1.2 Engine classifications
1.3 Engine operating cycles
1.4 Engine components
1.5 Spark-ignition engine operation
1.6 Examples of spark-ignition engines
1.5 Compression-ignition engine operation
1.6 Examples of compression-ignition engines