CHE 205 GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Dr. Jolly Jacob

M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., FICCE.
Professor of Chemistry
Chair, Department of Applied Sciences
CAS
 A Science for All Seasons
Chemistry is the study of matter and its
changes.
Everything we do involves chemistry.
Chapter 1- Introduction
The scientific method is a systematic
approach to research

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a

set of observations

tested modified

4
 Laws
• Summary of observations that combines
all past observations into one general
statement.

• Law explains What ? E.g.

– Law of Conservation of Mass— “In a
chemical reaction matter is neither created
nor destroyed.”
 Theories
• General explanation for the
characteristics and behavior of nature.
Why it happens
• Models of nature.
– Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Can be used to predict future
observations.
– So they can be tested by experiments.
A law is a concise statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the same
under the same conditions. They have
mathematical equations
Force = mass x acceleration

A theory is a unifying principle that explains

a body of facts and/or those laws that are
based on them.

Atomic Theory

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 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think

Knowledge as a Result of the Senses:

•Observations involve measuring or observing
some aspect of nature.
•Hypotheses are tentative interpretations of
the observations.
•Laws summarize the results of a large
number of observations.
•Theories are models that explain and give the
underlying causes for observations
and laws.
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes

Matter is anything that occupies space and

has mass.
A substance is a form of matter that has a
definite composition and distinct properties.

liquid nitrogen gold ingots silicon crystals 9

 Atoms and Molecules in Matter

• Atoms are very small.

• Atoms and molecules are tiny particles that
compose all common matter.
• The atoms are bound together to form
several different types of molecules.
• Chemical bonds are the attachments that
hold atoms together.

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 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things

• People often have a very narrow view of

chemicals, thinking of them only as dangerous
poisons or pollutants.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classifications of Matter

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An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
• 118 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur

• 35 elements have been created by scientists

technetium, americium, seaborgium
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A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.

Compounds can only be separated into their

pure components (elements) by chemical
means.

lithium fluoride quartz dry ice – carbon dioxide

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A mixture is a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their distinct identities.

1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the

mixture is the same throughout.

soft drink, milk, solder

2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not

uniform throughout.

cement,
iron filings in sand
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Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.

magnet

distillation

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17
Classification of Matter (II)

Pure Substances Composed of only one type of atom or molecule

(iron, water, oxygen).

Elements A substance that can not be broken into simpler

substances. It could be made of atoms or molecules
(oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, iron) .
Compounds A substance composed of two or more elements in
fixed definite proportions (Water….H2O; Salt….NaCl)

Mixtures Composed of two or more type of atoms or molecules

combined in variable proportions (air, brass, sea water

Homogeneous A mixture that has the same, uniform composition

throughout. It’s also called as solution (sea water, air).

Heterogeneous A mixture that has two or more regions with different

compositions and properties (sand/water, oil/water).
 Nanoworld
• Nanotechnology is the study of
manipulating matter at the atomic or
molecular level.
 Physical Properties

Physical properties are those properties of

a substance that can be observed without
changing the substance.

Examples are
• color.
• mass.
• weight.

Instructor’s Resource Materials (Download only) for Chemistry for Changing Times, 14/e, Global Edition © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
John W. Hill, Terry W. McCreary
 Physical Properties

Instructor’s Resource Materials (Download only) for Chemistry for Changing Times, 14/e, Global Edition © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
John W. Hill, Terry W. McCreary
 Chemical Properties

Chemical properties are those properties

of a substance that can only be studied by
forming new substances.

Instructor’s Resource Materials (Download only) for Chemistry for Changing Times, 14/e, Global Edition © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
John W. Hill, Terry W. McCreary
 Types of Changes

A physical change does not alter the composition

or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in
air to form water

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 Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume
An intensive property of a material does not
depend upon how much matter is being considered.

• density
• temperature
• color 24
International System of Units (SI)

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Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m 3)

1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

1 mL = 1 cm3

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 Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m 3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

mass m
density = volume d= V

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5

g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m
d= V

m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

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A Comparison of Temperature Scales

K = °C + 273
273 K = 0 °C
373 K = 100 °C

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 Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23

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 Scientific Notation

Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and N2 (4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1

Division 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =

1. Divide N1 and N2 (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104–9 =
1.7 x 10-5
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2

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 Significant Figures
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
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 How many significant figures are in
each of the following measurements?
24 mL 2 significant figures

3001 g 4 significant figures

0.0320 m3 3 significant figures

6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures

560 kg 2 significant figures

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 Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79

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 Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to

3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig figs round to

2 sig figs
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Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other

accurate precise not accurate

& but &
precise not accurate not precise
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 Chemistry Requires Commitment

• You must do your work regularly and

carefully.
• If you do, you will succeed.
• You will be rewarded by seeing a whole
new world—the world of molecules
and atoms.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.