TYPES OF WRITING

1. Narrative
• is the basic structure that writers use in presenting ideas
• may inform through illustration and anecdotes
• entertain readers through stories
• predict what will happen next
• explain how something works or happens.
KIND OF NARRATIVE

FICTION NON-FICTION
• fantasy, • memoirs

• Mystery • journalism

• Science fiction • historical

• scientific
• Fables
• technical
• Fairytales
• economic writings
NARRATIVE WRITING
a. Objective
- presents an objective timeline or details for accuracy

b. Subjective
- presents an insightful point of view, depending on
the writer’s feelings
TYPES OF WRITING
2. Argumentative
- It goes beyond giving information
- writers use this to let readers understand their side of
an argument, with analysis and support to their
claims, this should have valid reasoning and enough
evidence
- EX: “students should have to wear school uniforms”
TYPES OF WRITING
3. Informational
– develop ideas using techniques to present details
and well-chosen sequences
_Anything that is written with the aim to explain a topic to the
reader
EX : Newspaper articles, almanac entries, and reference
books
TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES
1.Definition
– used in explaining unfamiliar terms either to explain or
to convince
a. Standard Definition
– universally-accepted and rarely changes
For example: definition verb, nouns
b. Regulatory Definition
– assigned meanings based on an organization, regulating body and changes
on situations
For example: classification of typhoon signal as per PAG-ASA
 DEFINITION
3. Personal Definition
– depends on the interpretations of the writer and as
experienced by the writer
For Example: what is a true friend?

4. Invented Definition
– given meanings to word coined and as used by society
For example: the definition of “first blood” in Mobile Legends
TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES
2. Description
- used by writers to describe something
- it may be an object, a person, place, experience,
emotion, situation, event, etc.
 TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES
3. Classification
– used by writers to organize ideas into categories
– categorizing something or someone into a certain group or
system based on certain characteristics.

For example: kinds of On-line games

TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES
4. Comparison and Contrast
– used to show how two ideas are alike and different
- information presented by chunks and by following a sequence

For example: IOS and android are both system used in mobile cellular phones.
IOS is a more closed system which does not allow customer or user
customization while android system is more open as it allows users or
customers to download a wider variety of applications.
TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES
5. Cause and Effect
– used to explain why things happen, and the results of a certain
phenomenon
- enumerate factors and possible outcomes resulting to phenomena or
events
 TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES
6. Chronological
– used to show order of things, how something happens
and the logical arrangement of things
- lends itself in other text structures in a sense that in narrating
writers need to present a timeline of events
- in persuading people writers enumerate evidence in a sequence
 TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES
7. Problem and Solution
– used in showing patterns of organization where
a dilemma is explained either through a solution
or a dilemma is explained and a solution/s is/are
given
LET’S TRY THIS!

Choose one of the following three categories. Pick two examples from each.
Then come up with one similarity and two differences between the examples.
1. Movies
2. Social Media Applications
3. Cell phones
4. Traditional class and Online Class
5. Department stores and discount retail stores
6. Fast food chains and fine dining restaurants
Example:
MOVIES: HARRY POTTER & SUPERMAN
Similarity:
• Fantasy genre
Differences:
Harry Potter
• Produced by Warner Bros. Picture
Superman
• Produced by various studios over time
 PROPERTIES OF A
WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
I.ORGANIZATION
• property of a well-written text constitutes the logical
order of presentation of ideas.

• Organization is achieved when these ideas are logically

and accurately arranged.

• properties of a well-written text involve summarizing the

overall argument and beginning each paragraph with a
topic sentence.
Organization can be achieved
through the following techniques:
• Physical format
• Signal words
• Structure
 Physical Format
• The format is an aspect of the
organization that is immediately
apparent to the reader. It is seen in how
the text physically appears like headings
and subheadings, bullet points or font
emphasis.
Example:

Marxist ideology has two main theories.

Historical materialism purports that all the features
of society can historically be traced back to economic
activity. Social class in capitalist societies is what
produces unjust structures of power that exist today.
Socialism would be the next rational step for the
development of human society.
Signal Words
• These are textual cues that readers can
use to follow a text. They can “signal”
the transition from one point to another,
the ordering of events and concepts, or
the writer’s chosen text type (e.g.,
linear narration, question, and answer).
 Example

Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club greatly

influenced me as a fictional writer. First, his use of
unreliable narrator fascinated me, and I have written
similar characters in my works. Second, the theme of
patriarchal oppression can also be found in the stories
I write. Third, the novel’s stunning twist is something
that I have been trying to recreate. Thus, I am
extremely grateful to have encountered Palahniuk’s
genius early in my writing career.
 Structure
• The structure provides the framework upon which
the text is organized. It consists of the following:
• Beginning: introduction, thesis statement, hook
• Middle: supporting details
• End: conclusion, summary, final message
 Exampl
e

Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an

“aura”, this appears as a rainbow of light around the body
that can be seen by individuals with clairvoyant abilities.
The colors change depending on the one’s mood, health, and
thoughts. Some scientists believe that the existence of the
aura has something to do with the electromagnetic fields
produced by cells and tissues in the human body. Whether
auras are real or not, the fact remains that there are forces
everywhere that are real even though we cannot see them .
 II. COHERENCE AND COHESION
property of a well-written text features the textual continuity

COHERENCE: All sentences connected to

each other.

COHESION:
Connection of ideas at the sentence level
COHESION

• The act of forming whole unit

• A subset for coherence
• Focused on the grammatical aspect of
writing.
• Degree to which sentences are connected.
COHERENCE
• Quality of being logical, consistent and be able to
be understood
• Rhetorical aspects of writing which include
developing and supporting your argument,
synthesizing your argument, synthesizing and
integrating reading, organizing and clarifying ideas.
• A text will be cohesive if cohesive
ties are used. However, it will only
be coherent if the cohesive ties are
used appropriately to create
meaning
 My favorite painting is “The Weeping
Woman” by Pablo Picasso, which is an intriguing
painting that symbolizes suffering. As a result, I
love bright primary colors, so I wear a lot of
shocking yellows, blues, and reds. Also, as an
outgoing person, I enjoy performing for large
crowds. In the end, people should not judge an
artist’s talent based on one standard.
 I had the most beautiful
experience when I went to the zoo. I
saw different kinds of birds. But it
was my first time to see a carabao
flying.
•You can have cohesion
without coherence but you
cannot have coherence
without cohesion.
II. Coherence and Cohesion

A.Arrangement of details according

to . . .
1. Chronological Order

2. Spatial Order

3. Emphatic Order
 COHERENCE AND
COHESION
1. CHRONOLOGICAL. The
details are arranged in the

•order in which they

happened.
 COHERENCE AND
COHESION
This morning was crazy. My alarm clock was set for PM
instead of AM, so I woke up really late. I just threw on some
clothes and ran out the door. I rode my bike as fast as I could
and thought that I was going to be late for sure, but when I got
there everyone was outside and there were firetrucks all lined
up in front of the school. I guess somebody pulled the fire
alarm before class started. It worked out though because
nobody really noticed or minded that I was tardy.
COHERENCE
AND
COHESION
 COHERENCE AND
COHESION
2. SPATIAL – The sentences of a
paragraph are arranged
according to geographical
location, such as left-to-right,
up- to-down, etc
The inside of Bill's refrigerator was
horrible. On the top shelf was a three-
week-old carton of milk. Next to it sat a
slice of melon that had started to get moldy.
To the right of the melon sat the remains
of a macaroni and cheese dinner that had
been served a week earlier. On the shelf
below was a slice of cake from his sister's
birthday party. Though there was food,
none of it was edible.
 COHERENCE AND
3. EMPHATIC – is whenCOHESION
information found
in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize
certain points depending on the
writer’s purpose.
The coherence of the paragraph is
established in one of two ways: (a) from
least to most important, or (b) from
most to least important.
 After looking at all the brochures and talking to
several salesmen, I decided to purchase an SLR
camera. For several years I had been dissatisfied with
the results I was getting from my point-and-shoot
camera. The framing was imprecise and the focus was
not always accurate. I had planned a vacation to an area
that promised many fabulous photo opportunities, and I
wanted to capture each one with accuracy. But the most
important reason I decided on the SLR camera was the
great versatility it offered.
 In the above paragraph, the organization
moves from the least important idea
(dissatisfaction with the results of the point-
and-shoot camera) to the most important
idea (the versatility offered with the SLR
camera).
 COHERENCE AND
COHESION
B. Signal Devices
1. Transitions
a. Time e. Comparison
b. Sequence f. Contrast
c. Space g. Cause and Effect
d. Illustration h. Conclusion
2. Repetitions
3. Synonyms
4. Pronouns
B. Signal Devices

- words that give readers an

idea of how the points in your
paragraph are progressing
 COHERENCE AND
COHESION
Examples:
1. Transitions (words that
connect one idea to another, in
order for our ideas to flow
smoothly)
a. Time
(first, immediately, afterward,
before, at the same time, after,
earlier, simultaneously, finally, next,
in the meantime, later, eventually,
then, meanwhile, now,
subsequent, etc.)
b. Sequence
(moreover, furthermore, next,
also, finally, last, another,
first, second, third, besides,
additionally, etc.)
 COHERENCE AND
COHESION

c. Space
(above, next to,
below, behind,
beside, etc.)
d. Illustration
(for instance, specifically,
for example, namely, in this
case, to illustrate, etc.)
 COHERENCE AND
COHESION

e. Comparison
(similarly, also, in the
same way, still, likewise,
in comparison, too, etc.)
f. Contrast
(but, despite, however, even
though, yet, on the other hand,
although, on the contrary,
otherwise, conversely, etc.)
g. Cause and Effect
(because, as a result,
consequently, then, so,
since, etc.)
h. Conclusion
(thus, therefore, in
conclusion, in short,
etc.)
2. Repetitions
(repetitions of main ideas keep
continuity and highlight important
ideas)

-it could be a word, a phrase, a full

sentence, or a poetical line repeated to
emphasize its significance in the entire
text
Examples of Repetitions:
1.If you think you can do it, you can do it.
2.The boy was a good footballer, because his father was
a footballer, and his grandfather was a footballer.
3.The judge commanded, stamping his mallet on the
table, “Order in the court, order in the court.”
4.The president said, “Work, work, and work,” are the
keys to success.
3. Synonyms
(these are words similar in
meaning to important words
or phrases that prevent
tedious repetitions)
4. Pronouns
(words that connect readers to
the original word that the
pronouns replace)
Create a coherent paragraph by
arranging the following jumbled
sentences. Then write your arranged
paragraph on the space provided.
1. To solve the problem of overpopulation, he devised a
great war, which would sweep like a conflagration over
Greece.
2. This was the Trojan war.
3. Zeus, the ruler of the gods, seemed to have realized
that the earth was getting terribly overcrowded.
1. In these areas, 70 % of the agricultural land suffers from
dryness and lack of irrigation.
2. As a result, the crops are usually marginal with hardly enough
production to feed the farmer’s family.
3. The first fact to consider is that over 60% of the population
lives in rural communities.
4. In my country, one of the most urgent problems facing the
government today relates to agriculture.
5. And without irrigation, agricultural production is wholly
dependent on the uncertain rainfall.
6. To understand the nature of this problem, one has to look at
some facts.
Read each of the following paragraphs. Underline the
sentence that does not belong to the paragraph, to make it
more coherent and cohesive.

1. Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also
quite different. Both are bodies of water, but oceans are very
large bodies of salt water, while lakes are much smaller bodies
of fresh water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while
oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants and
animals living in them. The ocean is home to the largest animals
on the planet, whereas lakes support much smaller forms of life.
When it is time for a vacation, both will make a great place to
visit and enjoy. I want to swim in the lake.
2. Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the
outer space solar winds. There are blue, pink, and
purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of
balloons caught in a blender. Sunset is the opposite
of sunrise. The sun moves slowly to hide behind
the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its
place in prominence atop the night sky. People
slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the
deeds that still must be done. There is a coolness,
a calmness, when the sun does set.
3. Here is the perfect system for cleaning your
room. First, move all of the items that do not have a
proper place to the center of the room. Get rid of at
least five things that you have not used within the
last year. Take out all of the trash, and place all of
the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. Now find a
location for each of the items you had placed in the
center of the room, for any remaining items, see if
you can squeeze them in under your bed or stuff
them into the back of your closet. 5s is a Japanese
cleaning system. See, that was easy!
 LANGUAGE
USE

III. LANGUAGE USE

property of well-written text refers to the
appropriate use of language in writing

- appropriateness of word/vocabulary
IV. MECHANICS
- Writing conventions of the
words on how to spell,
abbreviate, punctuate,
and capitalize

- properties of a well-
written text refer to the
grammatical aspects of
writing
HOMOPHONES
MECHANICS
HOMOGRAPHS

Advise- advice Blue- Blue

Ate- eight Fair-Fair
Write- right Miss-Miss
UNITY

All sentence in a paragraph

supports the topic
sentence or main topic.
PARAGRAPH

-A group of sentences focusing on a

topic

-It has clear, logical sentences that flow

together well.

- It has sentences that all stick to the

main idea expressed in the topic
sentence
LET’S PLAY
A
GAME
 In this activity, I will be
presenting you excerpts or
examples from a text. You will try
to determine what property of a
well-written text is present/used
in it. For example. . .
Michael took the children with
him.
Question no. 1:
Central Idea: The Eiffel Tower is divided into three
sections.
Main Points: I. The lowest section of the tower contains
the entrance, a gift shop, and a restaurant.
II.The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and
elevators that lead to the top.
III.The top section of the tower includes an
observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.
Spatial Order
Question no. 2
During the early twentieth century, in addition to
industrialization, urban growth and technological
development, Australian society was experiencing a
transformation of the domestic ideal. Consequently,
people were subject to an increasing array of
government and professional programs aiming to
manage and regulate life, particularly family life.
Some of these programs were. . .
Answer: Signal
Devices/Transitions
Question no. 3
ALTERNATIVE: A poor or negative
result
Instead of: A bad result
Answer: Language Use
Question no. 4
(Aside from transitions)
During the early, twentieth century, in addition to
industrialization, urban growth. and technological
development?, australian society was experiencing a
transformation of the, domestic ideal!
Answer: Mechanics
Question no. 5
This morning was crazy. My alarm clock was set for PM
instead of AM, so I woke up really late. I just threw on some
clothes and ran out the door. I rode my bike as fast as I could
and thought that I was going to be late for sure, but when I
got there everyone was outside and there were firetrucks all
lined up in front of school. I guess somebody pulled the fire
alarm before class started. It worked out though, because
nobody really noticed or minded that I was tardy.
Answer: Chronological order
Question no. 6
President Rodrigo Duterte was the
16th President of the Republic of
Philippines. He is also the former
Mayor in Davao City for a long time.
Answer: Coherence and Cohesion, Pronouns
Question no. 7
Incorrect: The value in this variable is used to
determine when to pause during long display output,
such as during a software dump. Its value is reset each
time the ok prompt is displayed.

Correct: The value in this variable is used to determine

when to pause during long display output, such as
during a software dump. The variable’s value is reset
each time the ok prompt is displayed.
Answer: Mechanics
 CONGRATULATIONS TO
THE WINNERS!  
CONGRATULATIONS ALSO
TO EVERYONE! 
skills!
IV.EVALUATION
IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Identify the following by writing it on the space before the item
number.
1. This is achieved when these ideas are logically and
accurately arranged.
2. The details of a paragraph are arranged according to
the order in which they happened.
3. It is a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate,
punctuate, and capitalize.
4. These are words that connect one idea to another, in
order for our ideas to flow smoothly.
5. This means that sentences are arranged in a logical
manner, making them easily understood
by the reader.
 6.These are words similar in meaning to
important words or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions.
7.The sentences of a paragraph are arranged
according to geographical location, such as left-to-
right, up-to-down, etc.
8.These are words that give readers an idea of
how the points in your paragraph are progressing.
9.These are the words that connect readers to
the original word that they replace.
10.To attain this property, one must be
consistent with the use of pronouns.
Key to Correction:
1. Organization
2. Chronological/Order
3. Mechanics
4. Transitions
5. Coherence
6. Synonyms
7. Spatial/Order
8. Signal Devices
9. Pronouns
10. Language Use
V. ASSIGNMENT (2 minutes)
Create a short well-written paragraph (about
anything) employing the properties of a well-written
text. Your essay will be rated according to this analytic rubric.
Consequently, use this rubric as a guide when writing your essay
and check it again before you submit your essay.
COHESIVE PARAGRAPH
Cohesion is defined as the
set of resources for
constructing relations in
discourse which transcend
grammatical structure.

(Halliday 1994)
Six main ways that cohesion is
created in a text. (Halliday and
Hasan 1976)

• Reference
• Substitution
• Ellipsis
• Lexical Chains
• Cohesive Nouns
• Conjunctions
Reference

Personal pronouns
Demonstratives
Comparatives
The definite article
Example of Reference

I have collected calathea

plants and I love it.
 Death penalty is a serious issue that
has not been resolved for quite a long
time. Arguments for and against it have
been discussed fully. Those who favor the
death penalty argue that the only way to
stop crime is to eliminate the criminal.
Those opposing it say that putting a
criminal to death denies the chance to
repent and mend his ways. But are
criminals especially the deep eyed ones,
Substitution
uses a word/phrase to replace a
word/phrase used earlier.
Ellipses
Omitting words because it
is already understood in
the context.
Lexical chain
• One word is related to another
• Sequence of related words in
writing
Cohesive Nouns
• A kind of lexical reference
• Can summarize many
words
• Can be used to signal
what is come or can refer
back
Conjunctions

Firstly, next, moreover,

however, but
Activity: Put a check (/) if the phrases or sentences are following the
proper mechanics. If the words or phrases are incorrect, rewrite them
below the given items to make it correct.

_____1. San miguel Corporation

_____2. Joe said, “he is my patient.”
_____3. do you believe me
_____4. Tom Cruise won the oscar award
_____5. Hon. Juan dela Cruz
_____6. girlie is one friend i know inside and out
_____7. i am from the philippines
_____8. Anna can pass for a movie star as a deadringer of anne Hathaway.
_____9. Being the only daughter, sylvia is the apple of the eye of her father.
_____10. please keep an eye on her while I am out.
Activity 2: In not more than 10 sentences and not less than 5
sentences explain what you like or don’t like about Senior High
School. Your paragraph will be rated based on the rubric below.
You may write your paragraph on the space provided.
 TRAITS 4 3 2 1
Focus & Details There is one clear, well- focused topic. There is one clear, well-focused There is one topic. The topic and main ideas are not
Main ideas are clear and are well topic. Main ideas are clear but Main ideas are somewhat clear. clear.
supported by detailed and accurate are not well supported by
information. detailed information.

Organization The introduction is inviting, states the The introduction states The introduction states the main There is no clear introduction,
main topic, and provides an the main topic and provides an topic. A conclusion is included. structure, or conclusion.
overview of the paper. Information is overview of the paper. A conclusion
relevant and presented in a logical is included.
order. The conclusion is strong.

Voice The author’s purpose The author’s purpose of writing is The author’s purpose The author’s purpose of writing
of writing is very clear, somewhat clear, and there is some of writing is somewhat is unclear.
and there is strong evidence of evidence of attention to audience. clear, and there is
attention to audience. The The author’s knowledge evidence of attention to
author’s extensive and/or experience with the audience.
knowledge and/or topic is/are evident. The author’s knowledge
experience with the topic is/are and/or experience with the topic
evident. is/are limited.
Word Choice The author uses vivid words and The author uses vivid words and The author uses words The writer uses a limited vocabulary.
phrases. The phrases. The choice and placement that communicate clearly, but the Jargon or clichés may
choice and placement of words seems of words is inaccurate at times writing lacks variety. be present and detract from the
accurate, natural, and not forced. and/or seems overdone. meaning.

Sentence Structure, All sentences are well Most sentences are Most sentences are well Sentences sound
Grammar, Mechanics, & constructed and have well-constructed and constructed, but they awkward, are distractingly repetitive,
Spelling varied structure and length. The have varied structure and length. have a similar structure or are difficult to understand. The
author The author and/or length. The author
makes no errors in makes a few errors in author makes several makes numerous errors
grammar, mechanics, grammar, errors in grammar, in grammar,
and/or spelling. mechanics, and/or mechanics, and/or mechanics,
spelling, but they do spelling that interfere with and/or spelling
not interfere with understanding. that interfere with
understanding understanding.
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!
(If ever you listened)

CLAIMS
3 TYPES OF CLAIM
 CLAIMS
• an assertion of the truth of something, typically
one that is disputed or in doubt.
• state or assert that something is the case,
typically without providing evidence or proof.
 Claim of Policy
• When an author claims in the argument that
something should be implemented.
• An argument that asserts the implantation of a
certain policy.
• It generally states solutions and plans that are
procedural and organized.
 Claim of Value
• When an author persuades readers, something is important
• Assert something that can be qualified
• Consist of arguments about moral, philosophical, or aesthetic
topics.
• Try to prove that some values are desirable compared to
others
 Claim of Fact
• When an author states in the argument that something is
true
• statements that can be verified as they rely on actual
information for support.
• It states a quantifiable assertion or measurable topic.
• They assert that something has existed, exists, or will never
exist based on data.
EUPHEMIS
M
INTERTEXT
vs
HYPERTEXT
INTERTEXT
 INTERTEXT
• Refers to those interrelationships among texts that shape a
text's meaning.
• Interconnections between similar or related works perceived by an
audience or reader of the text.
• Defines as comparing the meaning of a text to another text.
• Read one text and reference another, or when you adopt and change
a prior text.
• Emphasizes that the text is always influenced by previous texts and
in turn anticipates future texts.
HYPERTEXT
 HYPERTEXT
• This information shows as links and is usually accessed by clicking.
• The reader can find more information about a topic, which may have
more links.
• This open up the reader to a wider horizon of information to a new
direction.
• It associates topics on a screen to related information, graphics, videos
and music where information is not simply connected to the text.
• Unintentionally seeing patterns (that are apparent in another text) in the
materials being read.
• Creates a network of linked materials and encourages readers to go
through the material at their pace