Hole’s Human Anatomy

and Physiology
Twelfth Edition

Shier  Butler  Lewis

Chapter
9
Muscular System

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 9.1: Introduction
Three (3) Types of Muscle Tissues
• Skeletal Muscle • Cardiac Muscle
• Usually attached to bones • Wall of heart
• Under conscious control • Not under conscious control
• Somatic • Autonomic
• Striated • Striated

• Smooth Muscle
• Walls of most viscera, blood vessels
and skin
• Not under conscious control
• Autonomic
• Not striated
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 9.2: Structure of Skeletal Muscle
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• Skeletal Muscle Aponeuroses

• Organ of the muscular system
• Skeletal muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Blood
• Connective tissues
• Fascia
• Tendons Skeletal muscles

• Aponeuroses

Tendons

3
 Connective Tissue Coverings
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• Muscle coverings:
• Epimysium
Muscle

Bone
• Perimysium Fascicles

Tendon

• Endomysium Muscle fibers (cells)

Fascia
(covering muscle) Myofibrils

Epimysium
Perimysium Thick and thin filaments

• Muscle organ Endomysium

• Fascicles Fascicle

• Muscle cells or fibers Axon of motor

neuron

• Myofibrils Blood vessel Nucleus Sarcoplasmic

reticulum
Myofibril Filaments

• Thick and thin myofilaments Muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

• Actin and myosin proteins

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• Titin is an elastic myofilament
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 Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Sarcolemma
• Sacroplasm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Myofibrils

Cisternae of
• Transverse (‘T’) tubule sarcoplasmic reticulum Triad
Nucleus Transverse tubule
• Triad
• Cisternae of SR
• T tubule
• Myofibril
• Actin myofilaments Sarcoplasmic
reticulum

• Myosin myofilaments
Openings into
• Sarcomere transverse tubules
Mitochondria Nucleus

Thick and thin

filaments
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm

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 9.3: Skeletal Muscle Contraction
• Movement within Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

the myofilaments
Skeletal muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum

• I band (thin)
• A band (thick and Thick (myosin) Thin (actin)
filaments filaments

thin)
• H zone (thick) Myofibril

• Z line (or disc)

• M line Sarcomere

Z line H zone Z line M line

I band A band I band A band

(a) (b)

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 Myofilaments
• Thick myofilaments • Thin myofilaments
• Composed of myosin protein • Composed of actin protein
• Form the cross-bridges • Associated with troponin and
tropomyosin proteins
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Cross-bridges Thin filament

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Troponin Tropomyosin Myosin Thick Actin molecule
molecule filament
 Neuromuscular Junction
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• Also known as NMJ or Synaptic
vesicles
myoneural junction
Mitochondria

• Site where an axon and

muscle fiber meet
• Parts to know: Motor
neuron axon
Acetylcholine Synaptic
cleft
• Motor neuron Folded
sarcolemma
Axon branches Motor
• Motor end plate Muscle fiber
end plate
Myofibril of
• Synapse nucleus
muscle fiber

• Synaptic cleft
• Synaptic vesicles
89
• Neurotransmitters (a)
 Animation:
Function of the
Neuromuscular Junction

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 Motor Unit
• Single motor neuron Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• All muscle fibers controlled Motor neuron

of motor unit 2

by motor neuron
• As few as four fibers Motor neuron
of motor unit 1

• As many as 1000’s of
muscle fibers

Branches of
motor neuron
axon
Skeletal muscle
fibers

10
 Stimulus for Contraction
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• Acetylcholine (ACh) Synaptic

vesicles
• Nerve impulse causes release of
Mitochondria
ACh from synaptic vesicles
• ACh binds to ACh receptors on
motor end plate
• Generates a muscle impulse Motor
Acetylcholine Synaptic
neuron axon
• Muscle impulse eventually Folded
cleft

reaches the SR and the cisternae Motor

sarcolemma
Axon branches
end plate
Muscle fiber
nucleus Myofibril of
muscle fiber

11
(a)
11
 Excitation-Contraction
Coupling
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• Muscle impulses cause SR to Tropomyosin

Troponin Thin filament

release calcium ions into cytosol

Actin monomers

ADP + P ADP + P

• Calcium binds to troponin to

Thick filament

1 Relaxed muscle

change its shape

Ca+2 Ca+2
Muscle contraction Muscle relaxation
Release of Ca+2 from sarcoplasmic Active transport of Ca+2 into sarcoplasmic
reticulum exposes binding sites on reticulum, which requires ATP, makes

• The position of tropomyosin is actin:

Ca+2 binds to troponin
Tropomyosin pulled aside
myosin binding sites unavailable.

ATP

altered Binding sites on

actin exposed

• Binding sites on actin are now Ca+2

ADP + P
Ca+2
ADP + P
Ca+2

exposed 2 Exposed binding sites on actin molecules

allow the muscle contraction cycle to occur

• Actin and myosin molecules bind

via myosin cross-bridges ADP + P ADP + P Contraction cycle ADP + P ADP + P

6 ATP splits, which 3 Cross-bridges

provides power to bind actin to
“cock” the myosin myosin
cross-bridges

ADP ADP
ATP ATP ATP P P

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ATP ADP + P
5 New ATP binds to myosin, releasing linkages 4 Cross-bridges pull thin filament (power stroke),
ADP and P released from myosin

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