UNIT NO 3

UNIT III IOT AND ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

Introduction to the Concept of IoT Devices – IoT Devices

Versus Computers – IoT Configurations– Basic Components
– Introduction to Arduino – Types of Arduino – Arduino
Toolchain – Arduino Programming Structure – Sketches –
III VI Pins – Input/Output From Pins Using Sketches –
Introduction to Arduino Shields – Integration of Sensors
CS3691/ESIOT and Actuators with Arduino

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

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Microcontroller – Architecture
• 8
• 8-bit microcontrollers are tiny computers that control the functionality of
everyday devices. They are known for their simplicity, efficiency, and low cost.

• Core Concepts
• 8-bit microcontrollers feature a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and
input/output (I/O) peripherals. They execute instructions from a program stored
in memory, reacting to external signals and controlling devices.

• -bit microcontrollers are tiny computers that control the functionality of everyday devices. They are known for their
simplicity, efficiency, and low cost.
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Arduino
toolchain
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Combine and transform
• All program files are combined into one
• An §i nc 1ude is added to reference basic Arduino libraries
• Function prototypes are added
• A main ( ) function is created
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Cross-
compilation
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Compile and link

• avs-qcs is invoked to cross-compile the code
• Resulting code executes on AVR, not on Intel
• Generates an object file ( . o)
• Object file is linked to Arduino library functions
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Hex file creation and programming

• Ave-obj copy is invoked to change the format of the executable file
• A . hex file is generated from the . ed £ file
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Arduino
sketches
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Arduino programs
• A program is called a sketch
• C++ program using Arduino library functions
• C++ is a superset of C
• All C programs are legal C++
• C++ also includes classes
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Object-oriented programming
• Organize your code through encapsulation
• Group together data and functions that are related
• User-defined type is specific to an application
inc type has data (the number) and functions (+, —, *)
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Encapsulation
•example
Specify and operate on 3 points

int x, y; xl=0; point pl;

y1=0; plot(x1,yl); p1=newpoint(0,0);
p1.plot();

• All data contained in one objects

• Reduced number of parameters
• Point-specific functions are easily identified
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Sketch
structure
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s etup function
• A sketch does not have a main ( ) function
• Every sketch has a setup ( ) function
Executed once when Arduino is powered up
• Used for initiali2ation operations
• Returns no value, takes no arguments

void setup() (
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Loop function
• Every sketch has a loop ( ) function
• Executed iteratively as long as the Arduino is powered up
• 1 oop ( ) starts executing after setup ( )
has finished
• 1 oop ( ) is the main program control flow
• Returns no value, takes no arguments

void loop() (
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Digital I/O
Pins
• Pins are wires connected to the
microcontroller
• Pins are the interface of the
microcontrolier
• Pin voltages are controlled by a
sketch
• Pin voltages can be read
by a sketch

Analog inputs
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Output
•pins
Output pins are controlled by the Arduino
• Voltage is determined
by your sketch
• Other components can be
controlled through outputs
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Input pins
• Input pins are controlled
by other components
• Arduino reads the voltage
on the pins
• Allows it to respond
to events and data
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Digital vs. analog

• Some pins are digital-only
• Read digital input, write digital output
• 0 volts or 5 volts
• SOme pins can be analog inputs
• Can read analog voltages on the pin
Useful for analog sensors
• Analog-only pins are clearly labeled
• No pins can generate an analog output
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Input and
output
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Input/output (I/O)
• These functions allow access to the pins
void pinMode(pin, mode)
• Sets a pin to act as either an input or an output
• pin is the number of the pin
• 0—13 for the digital pins
• A0—A5 for the analog pins
• code is the l/O mode the pin is set to
• INPU'I’, OUTPUT , or INPUT PULLUP
• INPU'I' POPUP acts as input with reversed polarity
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Digital input
int digitalRead(pin)
•Returns the state of an input pin
•Returns either LOW (0 volts) or HIGH (5 volts)
•Example
int pinval;
pinval - digitalRead(3);

• p irtva1 is set to the state of digital pin 3

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Digital output
void digitalWrite(pin, value)
•Assigns the state of an output pin
•Assigns either LDS (0 volts) or HIGH (5 volts)
•Example
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);

• Digital pin 3 is set HIGH (S volts)

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Analog input
1n k ana 1 ogRead (p1n )
•Returns the state of an analog input pin
•Returns an integer from 0 to 1023
•0 for 0 volts, 1023 for 5 volts
•Example
int pinval;
pinval = analogRead(A3);

• pinva1 is set to the voltage on A3 (0 for 0 volts, 1023 for 5 volts)

• The pin must be an analog pin
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Blink example
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Delay
vo 1d de 1 ay (user )
•Pauses the program for msec milliseconds
•Useful for human interaction
•Example
digitalWrite(3, HIGH); delay(1000) ; digitalWrite(3,LOW);

• Pin 3 is HIGH for 1 second

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Blink example
• Blink is the generic simple example for embedded systems
• Like “hello, world”

Connected to pin 13

• FileCExamplesW01.BasicsBlink
• Causes an LED to blink
• LED is built-in, so no wiring required
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DIGITAL sketch
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void setup() l
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

void loop()
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000); digitalWrite(13,
LOW);
delat(1000);
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