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Ultrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies above human hearing (>20,000 Hz) and is used in medical imaging to visualize internal organs and structures. It is a non-invasive, cost-effective method that utilizes high-frequency sound waves and a transducer to produce images, although it has limitations such as operator dependency and poor resolution in certain conditions. The technology relies on the piezoelectric effect in transducers to convert electrical energy into sound waves and vice versa, allowing for the generation and reception of echoes that form the images.

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29 views

usg intro

Ultrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies above human hearing (>20,000 Hz) and is used in medical imaging to visualize internal organs and structures. It is a non-invasive, cost-effective method that utilizes high-frequency sound waves and a transducer to produce images, although it has limitations such as operator dependency and poor resolution in certain conditions. The technology relies on the piezoelectric effect in transducers to convert electrical energy into sound waves and vice versa, allowing for the generation and reception of echoes that form the images.

Uploaded by

parulsindhwani610
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ULTRASOUND

By ; MEHAK
INTRODUCTION
 Ultra means extreme or high.
 Ultrasound describes sound waves of frequencies
exceeding the range of human hearing (> 20,000 Hz).
Audible sound range is 15–20,000 Hz, the sound < 15
Hz is called infrasound.
 In medicine, the ultrasound energy and the acoustic
properties of the body, produce images from
stationary and moving bodies.
 Diagnostic ultrasound uses 1–20 MHz frequency, and the
velocity depends on the nature of medium through which it
travels.
 It is not an electromagnetic radiation, but undergoes reflection
and refraction at interfaces. The reflection from tissue is called
echo, which forms the image.
 It is a type of imaging which uses high frequency sound waves
to look at organs and structures inside the body.
 It is a useful and flexible modality in medical imaging and
often provides an additional or unique characterization of
 It involves the use of a small
transducer (probe) and
ultrasound gel placed directly on
the skin.
 Occupational exposure to USG in
excess of 120db may lead to
hearing loss.
 Exposure in excess to 155db may
produce heating effects that are
harmful to the body and above
180db may lead to death
Advantages
 It uses non ionizing sound waves and is non invasive.
 It is patient friendly.
 It is less expensive compared to CT or MRI.
 Good for imaging of soft tissues.
 Ultrasound exam can easily be extended to cover
another organ system or evaluate the contra lateral
extremity.
 Not adversely affected by metallic objects.
 No harm for repeated scans.
Disadvantages

 Operator dependent.
 Poor spatial resolution.
 Can’t pass through bone and air.
 Artifacts specific to US.
 Limited by abnormally large body habitus
PROPAGATION OF SOUND
 Ultrasound (US) is produced by a transducer
by piezoelectric effect and US pulse is passed
in straight line.
 Sound is a mechanical energy that propagates
through an elastic medium in the form of
waves with compression and rarefaction.
 It is a longitudinal wave (sinusoidal) and
wavelength (λ) is the distance between
successive wave crests. Frequency (f) is the
number of cycle per second (hertz) and one
hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle/second. Period (T) is the
time taken for one complete cycle and it is
equal to 1/f.
Compression and
rarefaction
 These are regions of a longitudinal
wave that have different particles
density and pressure .
 COMPRESSION :- the area of a
wave where particle are pushed
together . It is the wave crest or
peak .
 RAREFACTION :- the area of wave
where particles are spread out ,
rarefaction is the wave trough.
 The velocity of sound (C), wavelength and frequency
are related as follows:
C = λf, m/second.
 Sound wave travels faster in solids and slower in
gases. Average velocity in soft tissue is 1540 m/s.
 It is higher in bone and metal, lower in lung and air.
Transducer :- A transducer is a device which transmits and receive sound waves .
COMPOSITION OF TRANSDUCER

 A piece of electric crystal the heart of transducers it


transmit sound waves and receive echo .
 The crystal is sandwiched between two electrode plate
supply electricity to generate sound waves and
receive signal to reconstruct image .
 A thick acoustic backing block absorbs the sound
waves those travel up wards .
 The power is supplied by a coaxial cable .
Piezoelectric crystal
 Natural crystal : quartz
 Man made : Lead Zirconate Titanate ( PZT)
 Piezoelectric crystal is a pure crystal in which all the
dipoles are arrange in the same orientation .
 When electricity is supplied to this crystal , all the dipoles
of crystal is change their orientation for the change in the
shape of crystal .
 When the polarity of current is reversed , dipoles again
change its orientation changing the shape of crystal again
.
 When the polarity of current is change rapidly ,so the
crystal change its shape rapidly producing sound
waves of higher frequency this sound is transmitted to
the patient body .
 Electric to mechanical energy to sound waves .
 When the sound waves interact with tissue interphase
path so, sound is reflected as echo towards the
transducer .
 These echo cause compression on piezoelectric
crystal causing the crystal to change it shape .
 This change in shape generate electric pulse and
electrodes which is recorded as signal .
 The US beam originates from mechanical oscillations
of numerous crystals in at transducer, which is excited
by electrical pulses (piezoelectric effect). The
transducer converts one type of energy into another.
(E into M and vice versa)
 The US waves (pulses of sound) are sent from the
transducer, they then propagate through different
tissues and then return to the transducer as reflected
echoes.
 The returned echoes are converted back into electrical
impulses by transducer crystals and further processed
to form the US image to be presented on the screen.
 Ultrasound transducers contain a range of US
frequencies, termed bandwidth. For example, 2.5-3.5
MHz for general abdominal imaging and 5.0-7.5 MHz
for superficial imaging.

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