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Lecture 8. Amino Acids and Proteins

Proteins are large molecules made of chains of amino acids, essential for various bodily functions and synthesized based on DNA sequences. There are 20 different amino acids necessary for human health, including 9 essential amino acids that must be obtained through diet. The structure of proteins is categorized into four levels, and their function is influenced by their shape, which can be altered through denaturation.

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Lecture 8. Amino Acids and Proteins

Proteins are large molecules made of chains of amino acids, essential for various bodily functions and synthesized based on DNA sequences. There are 20 different amino acids necessary for human health, including 9 essential amino acids that must be obtained through diet. The structure of proteins is categorized into four levels, and their function is influenced by their shape, which can be altered through denaturation.

Uploaded by

zainabnovelsonly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Proteins and Amino Acids

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


What are Proteins?

 Large molecules

 Made up of chains of amino acids

 Found in every cell in the body

 Involved in most of the body’s functions and life processes

 The sequence of amino acids is determined by DNA

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Structure of Proteins

 Made up of chains of amino acids; classified by number of


amino acids in a chain
- Dipeptides: 2 amino acids
- Tripeptides: 3 amino acids
- Polypeptides: more than 10 amino acids

• Proteins: more than 50 amino acids


- Typically, 100 to 10,000 amino acids linked together

 Chains are synthesizes based on specific bodily DNA

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Amino acids

They are organic compounds that contain both


amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.

Amino acids are composed of carbon, hydrogen,


oxygen, and nitrogen

Although, over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by


far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids
incorporated into proteins.

Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of all life


© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structure of Amino Acid

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Structure of Amino Acid

Figure 6.2b
Structural Differences Between Carbohydrates,
Lipids, and Proteins
Peptide Bonds Link Amino Acids

 Form when the acid group (COOH) of one amino acid


joins with the amine group (NH2) of a second amino acid

 Formed through condensation

 Broken through hydrolysis

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Condensation and Hydrolytic Reactions
Types of amino acids

 Essential – must be consumed in the diet

 Nonessential – can be synthesized in the body

 Conditionally essential – cannot be synthesized due to


illness or lack of necessary precursors

• Premature infants lack sufficient enzymes needed to


create arginine

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Your body needs 20 different amino acids to function
correctly.

Nine of these amino acids are called essential amino


acids.

Essential amino acids must be consumed through the


food you eat

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Structure of the Protein
 Four levels of structure
• Primary structure
• Secondary structure
• Tertiary structure
• Quaternary structure

Any alteration in the structure or sequencing changes


the shape and function of the protein

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


The primary structure is comprised of a linear chain of
amino acids.

The secondary structure contains regions of amino acid


chains that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the
polypeptide backbone.

These hydrogen bonds create alpha-helix and beta-


pleated sheets of the secondary structure.

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Denaturing of proteins

 Alteration of the protein’s shape and functions through the


use of
• Heat
• Acids
• Bases
• Salts
• Mechanical agitation
 Primary structure is unchanged by denaturing

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Denaturing of Protein

Figure 6.5
Quick Review
 Proteins are chains of combination of amino acids
 Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and sometimes sulfur
 Unique amino acids consist of a central carbon with a
carboxyl group, a hydrogen, a nitrogen-containing amine
group, and a unique side chain
 There are 20 side chains and 20 unique amino acids
• 9 essential amino acids
• 11 nonessential amino acids
- At time these become conditionally essential
 Amino acids link together with peptide bonds by
condensation and break apart by hydrolysis
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quick Review
 Attractions and interactions between the side chains cause
the proteins to fold into precise three-dimensional shapes
 Protein shape determines its function
 Proteins are denatured and their shapes changed by
• Heat
• Acids
• Bases
• Salts
• Mechanical agitation

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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