MC 4

(LOGICAL AND
CRITICAL
THINKING)

PRESENTED BY:
GROUP F2
FOUNDATION AND
CRITICAL THINKING
The foundation of critical thinking lies
in the ability to actively question and
analyze information, considering
multiple perspectives, evaluating
evidence, and drawing logical
conclusions based on facts rather than
assumptions; essentially, it's about
approaching information with a
skeptical mindset and a commitment
to seeking truth through rigorous
reasoning.
KEY ELEMENTS OF
THIS FOUNDATION
• Curiosity and
Inquisitiveness
• Opened Mindedness
• Logical Reasoning
• Evidence Based Evaluation
• Analytical Skills
• Reflection and Self-
Awareness
Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is a multidimensional skill, a

cognitive or mental process or set of
procedures. It involves reasoning and
purposeful, systematic, reflective, rational,
outcome-directed thinking based on a body of
knowledge, as well as examination and
analysis of all available information and ideas.
CRITICAL THINKING IN NURSING PRACTICE
Using Nurses must use critical thinking skills in all
practice settings—acute care, ambulatory care,
extended care, and in the home and community.
Regardless of the setting, each patient situation is
viewed as unique and dynamic. The unique factors
that the patient and nurse bring to the health care
situation are considered, studied, analyzed, and
interpreted. Interpretation of the information
presented then allows the nurse to focus on those
factors that are most relevant and most significant
to the clinical situation. Decisions about what to
do and how to do it are then developed into a plan
of action. Fonteyn (1998) identified 12
• Recognizing a pattern
• Setting priorities
• Searching for information
• Generating hypotheses
• Making predictions
• Forming relationships
• Stating a proposition (“if–then”)
• Asserting a practice rule
• Making choices (alternative actions) • Judging the
value
• Drawing conclusions
• Providing explanations
 Critical thinking requires going beyond basic
problem solving into a realm of inquisitive
exploration, looking for all relevant factors that
affect the issue, and being an “out-of-the-box”
thinker. It includes questioning all findings until a
comprehensive picture emerges that explains the
phenomenon, possible solutions, and creative
methods for proceeding (Wilkinson, 2001).
Here's a breakdown of what
complex thinking involves:
1. Critical Analysis:
- Identifying biases: Recognizing your own biases
and the biases present in the information you're
considering.
- Evaluating evidence: Asking questions like:
• Where does this information come from?
• Is it reliable?
• Is there any conflicting evidence?
- Understanding assumptions: Asking: What
assumptions are being made? Are they valid?
2. Problem Solving:
- Defining the problem: Clearly
understanding what needs to be solved.
- Generating solutions: Coming up with
multiple potential solutions and considering
their pros and cons.
- Evaluating solutions: Analyzing the
effectiveness and feasibility of each solution.
3. Decision Making:
- Gathering information: Seeking out
relevant information and considering
multiple perspectives.
- Weighing options: Evaluating the
potential outcomes of each decision.
- Making a choice: Choosing the best
option based on your analysis and
understanding of the situation.
4. Abstract Thinking:
- Understanding concepts: Grasping the
meaning of abstract ideas and principles.
- Applying knowledge: Using your
understanding of these concepts to analyze
new situations and solve problems.
- Making connections: Seeing relationships
between seemingly unrelated ideas.
Complex Thinking Process in Nursing Involves
higher-order cognitive skills such as analysis,
evaluation, problem-solving, and critical reasoning
to make informed decisions in patient care.

Importance to Nursing It allows nurses to assess

patient needs, prioritize interventions, anticipate
complications, and adapt to changing clinical
situations, ensuring safe and effective care.
1.Decision Making in Nursing It is the
process of selecting the best course of
action from multiple options based on
clinical knowledge, patient needs, and
available resources.

Example : A nurse is caring for two

patients: one needs pain medication,
medication, while another is experiencing
difficulty breathing. The nurse decides to
prioritize the patient with breathing
difficulty, as airway concerns are more
2.Ethical Decision Making in Nursing It
involves choosing the best action while
considering moral principles such as
autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence,
and justice.

Example: A patient with advanced

dementia refuses to take their prescribed
medication. The nurse must decide
whether to respect the patient’s refusal
or administer the medication covertly to
ensure their well-being . The nurse
consults the healthcare team and follows
How Complex Thinking Patient Outcomes

-Accurate Assessment and Diagnosis:

Nurses with strong cognitive skills can
analyze patient data, identify patterns,
and make accurate assessments. This
leads to earlier identification of problems
and more effective treatment plans.

-Effective Problem Solving: Complex

thinking allows nurses to consider
multiple perspectives, weigh potential
risks and benefits, and develop creative
- Enhanced Communication: Nurses who
think critically can communicate
effectively with patients, families, and
other healthcare professionals. This
promotes understanding, builds trust, and
improves patient satisfaction.

-Improved Patient Safety: Complex

thinking helps nurses anticipate potential
complications, identify safety risks, and
implement preventive measures. This
contributes to a safer environment for
patients.
-Evidence-Based Practice: Nurses with
strong cognitive skills are better
equipped to evaluate research findings
and apply evidence to their practice. This
ensures that patient care is informed by
the latest scientific knowledge.
CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING CRITICAL
DECISIONS IN NURSING EDUCATION

• THEORETICAL VS. PRACTICAL

KNOWLEDGE

-Challenge: Nursing education often

emphasizes theoretical concepts but
decision-making is best developed
through real-world experience.
 • COMPLEXITY OF CLINICAL SCENARIOS

-Challenge: Critical decision-making

requires nurses to navigate complex,
multifaceted clinical situations that may
not have clear cut answers.

• TIME CONSTRAINTS

-Challenge: Nurses often need to make

quick decisions in fast-paced,high-
pressure environments.
 LOGIC AND
COMMUNICATION
.
Logic and communication are related because
logic is a way of thinking that can help people
communicate more clearly and effectively. Logic
is the study of reasoning and argumentation,
and it can help people organize their thoughts
and make connections between them.

In nursing, both logic and effective

communication are vital for patient care, with
logic enabling sound clinical reasoning and
judgment, while communication facilitates
accurate information exchange and builds trust.
 Roles of Logic in
Nursing
• Foundation of Clinical Reasoning: Logic is the
bedrock of clinical reasoning, enabling nurses to analyze
patient data, identify problems, and formulate
appropriate interventions
• Essential for Critical Thinking: Logic is integral to
critical thinking, a skill that empowers nurses to
evaluate information objectively, differentiate between
relevant and irrelevant data, and make sound clinical
decisions.
• Assessment and Diagnosis: Nurses use logical
thinking to assess patient conditions, identify potential
 • Prioritization and Time Management: Logical thinking
helps them prioritize tasks, allocate resources effectively,
and manage their time efficiently.
• Problem-Solving and Decision-Making: Logic provides
a framework for problem-solving, enabling nurses to assess
options, predict outcomes, and choose the most effective
course of action.
• Avoiding Errors: By applying logic, nurses can minimize
mistakes and ensure patient safety.
• Enhancing Patient Care: By making informed decisions
based on sound reasoning, nurses can provide effective,
safe, and patient-centered care.

Logic is indispensable in nursing, providing the

Roles of Communication in
Nursing
Patient Interaction: Effective communication is essential
for building rapport with patients, understanding their
concerns, and providing emotional support.
Interprofessional Collaboration: Nurses work as part of a
healthcare team, requiring effective communication with
physicians, therapists, and other healthcare professionals
Patient Education: Nurses educate patients about their
conditions, treatments, and self-care strategies
Documentation: Accurate and detailed documentation is
crucial for continuity of care
Advocacy: Nurses act as advocates for their patients,
communicating their needs and preferences to the
healthcare team
Principles of Communication:
• Communication is a dynamic process.
• Communication is complex and involves the
total personality.
• Communication is irreversible and cannot be
taken back.

Communication Process:
• Linear Model
• Interactive Model
• Transactional Model
Purpose of
Communication:
• To convey information or opinion
• To request information or opinion
• To give social acknowledgement
Types of Communication:
• Verbal communication: This involves
spoken words, essential for
communication between nurses,
patients, and families.
• Non-verbal communication: This
involves body language, facial
expressions, and other non-verbal
cues. The document emphasizes that
non-verbal communication can carry
stronger signals than verbal messages.
Barriers to Effective
Communication:
• Language barrier
• Cultural differences
• Conflict
• Care setting
• Internal noise
• Perception
• Difficulty with speech and hearing
• Medication
• Noise
Improving
Communication
• Active listening
• Using understandable
language
• Being respectful and
empathetic
• Tailoring the message
• Validating interpretation
Therapeutic Communication
Techniques:
• Techniques for obtaining information: Open-
ended questions, observations, confrontation,
reflection, encouragement of description,
validation, and summarization.
• Techniques for giving support: Supportive
remarks, appropriate touch, and paraphrasing.
• Techniques for assisting in analysis and problem-
solving: Acknowledgement, sequencing,
clarification, alternatives, and transitions.
• Techniques for instructing the patient:
Comparison, silence, information giving,
orientation towards reality, querying, withholding
social reward, and giving social reward.
Counter-Productive
Communication
Techniques:
• Inappropriate reassurance
• Passing judgment
• Giving advice
• Closed questions
• Why” questions
• Offering platitudes
• Defensiveness
 Relating Logic and
Communication
Logic and communication are
intertwined in nursing practice. Nurses
use logical thinking to analyze patient
information and make informed
decisions, then communicate those
decisions effectively to patients,
families, and the healthcare team.
• Assessment: A nurse assesses a patient's lung sounds and
uses logical reasoning to determine if there are abnormalities.
They then communicate their findings to the physician and
document them in the patient's chart.
• Patient Education: A nurse educates a patient about their
new medication. They use logical thinking to understand the
patient's learning style and tailor their communication
accordingly. They then communicate the information clearly
and concisely, ensuring the patient understands how to take
the medication safely and effectively.
Emergency Situation: A patient experiences a
sudden change in condition. The nurse uses logical
thinking to quickly assess the situation, identify the
problem, and determine the best course of action.
They then communicate the situation to the healthcare
team, ensuring everyone is informed and prepared to
act.
Logic and communication are essential skills for
nurses, impacting every aspect of their practice.
By combining these skills effectively, nurses can
provide safe, effective, and patient-centered
care.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
short
quiz
Quiz Guidelines
This is a group quiz

You will complete the quiz on the slides by

writing your answers on a sheet of paper and
raise it when done

You have 40 seconds to answer each question

Question
#1
It is a role of logic in nursing where nurses use
logical thinking to assess patient conditions,
identify potential problems, and formulate nursing
diagnoses.
 Answer

Assessment and
Diagnosis
Question
#2
Nurses rely on research and evidence to guide
their practice. This involves logically evaluating
the quality of research studies, interpreting
findings, and applying them to patient care.
 Answer

Evidence-Based
Practice
Question
#3
This involves spoken words, essential for
communication between nurses, patients, and
families.
 Answer

Verbal
Communication
Question
#4
Give the three(3) communication process.
 Answer

Linear
Model,Interactive
Model and
Transactional Model
Question
#5
Give at least three (3) techniques in analyzing and
problem-solving.
 Answer

Acknowledging,
Sequencing,Clarific
ation,Alternatives
and Transitions
Question
#6
It allows nurses go assess patient needs, prioritize
interventions, anticipate complications, and adapt
to changing clinical situations, ensuring safe and
effective care.
 Answer

Complex Thinking
Process
Question
#7
It is lies in the ability to actively question and
analyze information, consider multiple
perspectives, evaluate evidence, and draw logical
conclusions based on facts rather than
assumptions.
 Answer

Foundation and
Critical Thinking
Question
#8
According to Fonteyn (1998), what are three
examples of predominant thinking strategies used
by nurses?
 Answer

Recognizing a
Pattern, Setting
Priorities, and
Searching for
Information
Question
#9
It is defined as a multidimensional skill; a
cognitive or mental process involving reasoning
and purposeful, systematic, reflective, rational,
outcome-directed thinking based on a body of
knowledge, as well as examination and analysis of
all available information and ideas.
 Answer

Critical Thinking
Question
# 10
List the Six(6) Key Elements of the Foundation of
Critical Thinking
 Answer
1.Curiosity and
Inquisitiveness
2.Opened Mindedness
3.Logical Reasoning
4.Evidence Based
Evaluation 5.Analytical
Skill
6.Reflection and Self
Question
# 11
Who is cited as a source for the definition of
critical thinking as an "out-of-the-box" process?
 Answer

Wilkinson 2001
Question
# 12
Give at least two(2) example of Challenges in
Developing Critical Decision in Nursing Education
 Answer
1.Theoretical VS.
Practical Knowledge
2.Complexity of
Clinical Scenarios
3.Time Constraints
Question
# 13
It is Seeking out relevant information and
considering multiple perspectives
 Answer

Gathering
Information
Question
# 14
It is Coming up with multiple potential
solutions and considering their pros and
cons
 Answer

Generating
Solutions
Question
# 15
It is Recognizing your own biases and the biases
present in the information you're considering.
 Answer

Identifying Biases