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CH 16

The document discusses the processes of reproduction in living organisms, detailing both asexual and sexual reproduction methods. Asexual reproduction involves single parents producing genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction involves gametes and results in genetic variation. The document also covers specific examples of reproduction in plants and animals, as well as human reproductive systems and associated hormones.

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abilasha rajen
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3 views

CH 16

The document discusses the processes of reproduction in living organisms, detailing both asexual and sexual reproduction methods. Asexual reproduction involves single parents producing genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction involves gametes and results in genetic variation. The document also covers specific examples of reproduction in plants and animals, as well as human reproductive systems and associated hormones.

Uploaded by

abilasha rajen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reproduction

Reproduction
• Process of producing similar or nearly similar species by an
organism.
• every living organism will have a tendency to increase in its
number
• reproduce to form new individuals known as offspring
• it can be asexual or sexual reproduction
• in asexual reproduction, no gametes or sex cell involved, does not
involve fertilization
• single parent with no genetic material mixing or no genetic
variation.
• All offspring are genetically and morphologically identical, plants,
fungi , bacteria (binary fission/mitosis )
• Bacterial cell divide by binary fission and become independent
species.
• genetic material replicate and move either side ,new cell wall grow
between and divide.
• It is quick process some divide every 20mins. 8 bacteria in 5hr it
Asexual reproduction in fungi
• both asexual and sexual reproduction
(Basidiomycotina)
• Occurs through haploid spores
• eg: mushroom, penicillium, mucor, puffball
• spores are carried by air and develop under
suitable condition.
• penicillium have vertical spores.
• mucor have sporangia with thousands od
spores.
• mushroom gills produces spores
• puffball releases clouds of spores.
Asexual reproduction in flowering plants
• also termed as vegetative propagation
• lateral buds formed close to the soil
develop into a complete plant.
• Types- stolon(runner), rhizome, bulb and
corms.
• stolon-lateral buds grows horizontally
and develop roots and produces new
plant. horizontal elongation is called
runner or stolon.
• rhizome-lateral buds grow underground ,
develop and produce shoots above the
ground
Asexual reproduction in flowering plants
• bulb- short shoot, freshly thick stem
• food is stored in leaf base, used by
lateral buds to develop
• corms- stem stores the food. crocus
• in bryophyllum -leaf produces new
plantlets on leaf margin
• tuber- shoot rhizomes. potato
• ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION
• cutting
• tissue culture
Asexual reproduction in animals
• Hydra- small freshwater
invertebrate
• has tentacles, cells of column
rapidly divides forming bulge of
bud,
• bud increase in size and develop
tentacles
• daughter hydra detach and attach
to ground
• amoeba
Advantage and disadvantage
• genetically identical , no gametes
• uniform crop yield
• stores more food and develop when condition is suitable
• dense colonies as no dispersal and provide no space for other species
• DISADVANTAGES
• no variants developed
• resistant to disease is carried to offspring
• self competition due to dense colonies
Sexual reproduction
• involves gametes or sex cell both male and female gametes.
• cell division is by meiosis, haploid number of chromosomes fuses to form diploid
• nuclei and cytoplasm fuse to form zygote (fertilization)
• in plants- pollen grains move down the pollen tube to ovules
• in animals - sperm moves to egg/ovum
• Always male gametes are motile and small than female gametes.
• pollination in plants and mating in animals
• in sexual reproduction - range of variation is produced and genetically different ,
some may be successful some may less success.
• seeds will produced and dispersed forming new colonies in new areas
• cross breeding- crops high yield, high disease resistance. - loss of natural genes
Sexual reproduction in plants
• Male reproductive organ -stamen.
• female reproductive organ -carpels
• same flower, same plant with different
flower(hazel, banana), different plant for
different flower(willow, date palm, some
species os papaya).
• Pollination - bringing male gamete(pollen
grains) near female gamete(ovule), pollen
tube develops.
Structure of a flower
• petal- brightly colored and scented, 4-10,
no all flowers, som are fused
• sepal - green, smaller than petal, protects
in bud stage
• stamen- anther and filament, many or few
present in same flower, has four pollen sac
with pollen grains, ripen and pollen
released.
Structure of a flower
• Pollen - male gamete, smooth and
light(wind), sticky, tiny spikes(insect)
• carpel-
many(buttercup)/single(hibiscus),
style and stigma, has one or more
ovule inside the ovary, ovule-seed,
ovary-fruit. stigma(long/short) has
sticky surface for pollen attachment.
• receptacle- extended flower stalk
Lupin and pollination
• inflorescence - groups of flowers
• about 100 individual flowers
• joined five sepal forms a tube, different shape and
size.
• standard(1) and wings(2), inside a boat shaped
keel(2)
• one long carpel with more than 10 ovules. 10
stamen (5 long 5 short)
• fused filament at the base of ovary
• pollinated by insect.
• Pollen carried to stigma, insect/wind
• self pollination- pollination in same plant
• limited variation, can happen without pollinators.
• cross pollination- different plant but same species
• variation, rely on pollinators.
Fertilisation
• Male cell and female cell fuse to form
zygote. (genetic material from both
gametes), zygote develops into
embryo
• Pollen tube grown from the grain into
the ovary, with small opening -
micropyle
• nuclei of male cell moves down and
combine with female cell nuclei
• some plants are self sterile- don’t
accept pollen from same plant.
Adaptation and germination
• Flowers gets adapted for pollination
(wind/insect)
• development of plant from seed -
germination
• seed has less water content and wait
for soil water situation to grow
• Radicel grown out the seed coat(testa),
grows down, has root cap, develops
lateral roots.
• Hypocotyl(embryo stem)elongates and
moves upward and pull cotyledon out
the soil.
• hypocotyl straighten up and leaves of
plumule(shoot of the seed) opens.
• temperature, water and oxygen affects
germination
MEIOSIS

INCREASE POPULATION

ADAPTATION TO NEW ENVIRONMENT

ALLOWS VARIATION

FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES


MEIOSIS

ZYGOTE

HAS TWO SET OF CHROMOSOMES

INCREASE IN CELL/TISSUES/ORGAN/ORGAN

SYSTEM, BECOMES SPECIALIZED


Sexual reproduction in human
Female reproductive system
• two ovary- produces egg(ovum),3-4cm
long , oval whitish.
• funnel shaped oviduct - directs ovum
to uterus, fallopian tube.
• uterus is 80mm long with no embryo.
• leads to external environment by
vagina
• cervix - ring of muscles b/w vagina and
uterus.
Sexual reproduction in human
Male reproductive system
• two testis enclosed inside scrotum(sac like
structure) outside the body.
• Has tubes -sperm production - leads to
sperm duct
• sperm duct open into urethra near the
bladder. at this point it enter prostrate gland
• prostrate gland add nutrients fluid to sperm
to form semen.
• urethra end up in penis (urine/sperm)- have
connective tissue with blood capillaries -
erectile tissue
Human gametes structure and production
• >300sperms/ejaculation
• head-acrosome had enzymes
to digest jelly coat of egg cell
and nuclei fuse with egg
• mid piece-mitrochondria for
more energy for tail(flagella) to
move
• Larger egg cell- jelly coat allow
only one sperm entry.
• more cytoplasm with fats and
protein foe future embryo
growth
fertilization and development
Pregnancy and development
• ovulation
• fertilization
• implantation
• embryo
development
• amniotic
sac/fluid
• fetus(8w)
• placenta
• umbilical cord
Function of placenta and umbilical cord
• diffusion b/w placental blood vessels
and uterus blood vessels occurs.
• umbilical vein - oxygenated blood.
• umbilical artery - deoxygenated blood
• placenta selects the substance to pass
through.
• no connection b/w mother and fetus
blood, so BP went after fetus delicate
vessels
• drugs and diseases can pass through
and affect fetus.
Sexual hormones in humans
• Osetrogens - female secondary sexual characteristic develops
• testosterone - male secondary sexual characteristic develops
• FSH- lining of uterus breaks, FSH stimulated by pituitary gland, stimulates the
growth of egg.
• as follicle grow - estrogen increase - cause uterus lining thicker
• LH - trigger the release of ovum - ovulation - follicle after ovum release
develops into corpus luteum
• progesterone is produced - uterus lining thickens - if fertilized it cont.
• no fertilization- corpus luteum breaks and progesterone stops, uterus lining
ruptures and loses blood
• during pregnancy - placenta produces progesterone. Osetrogens cont.
STD
• AIDS - HIV - STI - lymphocytes affects.
• HAEMOPHILIACS
• HIV antibodies
• synphilis
• gonorrhoea

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