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ch 1 igcse

The document provides an overview of biology, defining it as the study of life and outlining the seven life processes that characterize living organisms. It discusses the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera, along with their distinct characteristics. Additionally, it introduces the binomial system of classification and explains the importance of classifying organisms for easier study.

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abilasha rajen
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2 views

ch 1 igcse

The document provides an overview of biology, defining it as the study of life and outlining the seven life processes that characterize living organisms. It discusses the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera, along with their distinct characteristics. Additionally, it introduces the binomial system of classification and explains the importance of classifying organisms for easier study.

Uploaded by

abilasha rajen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter Classification

#1

Classification of Living
Organisms
Objectives
❑ What is Biology?
❑ What is life?
❑ What are the characteristics of living
organism?
❑ What is classification and why living
organisms are classified?
❑ What is Biology?

The word biology is derived from two


Greek words
❖Bios ➔ meaning life
❖Logos ➔meaning study, reasoning

The study of life is called Biology


❑What is life……………?

A set of characteristic/traits, that are


present in all the living things but not
in nonliving.
➢ All living things have to perform seven life
processes.

Do you know what they are……..?

Movement
MRS-GREN Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
If something does not perform all Reproduction
of the seven life processes then Excretion
it is not alive. Nutrition
1. Movement
Animal Movement
Why do animals move?

To find food, water, shelter, to hide from


predators and to reproduce.
1. Do plants move?

•Yes, plants do move,


but very slowly
compared to most
animals.
2. Why do plants move?

•Plants move towards sunlight


which they need to make
food.
•Some flowers close during
the night.

•Roots will move towards


water and gravity.
2. Respiration
Respiration
Respiration is the process in which the cells of an organism
obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose, resulting
in the release of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy).

Glucose + Oxygen ® ENERGY + Carbon dioxide +


Water
3. Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the ability of living things to detect
changes in their surroundings and respond to
these
Humans changes.
have five senses; do you know what
they are?
Touch Skin
Taste Tongue Which organs are
Smell Nose associated with these
senses?
Sight Eyes
Hearing Ears
Sensitivity in Plants

pitcher plant

Shameplant plant
4. Growth

Animals grow until they


reach adulthood and
then stop growing.

Plants continue to grow


throughout their lives.
5. Reproduction
All organisms need to reproduce. Reproduction is the
making of new organisms. If organisms did not
reproduce, then once those organisms died there would
be no more of the species left.
5. Reproduction
❖ Some animals reproduce by
laying eggs.

Example:
Birds
❖ Some animals reproduce by giving birth to live
young.
Example: Mammals
Plant Reproduction
Some plants reproduce using the wind to carry pollen
from one flower to another.

Some plants
reproduce using
insects or birds to
carry pollen from one
flower to another.
6. Excretion
Excretion is the process where an organism gets rid of
waste products that would otherwise cause it harm.
7. Nutrition
Nutrition is the obtaining of food to keep an
organism healthy.
Nutrition
❖ Carnivores
❖ Omnivores
❖ Herbivores

Green plants make their own food using


sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
This process is called
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Additional Characteristics
❖ When we study the living
organism under the microscope

➢ They all are made up of cells


Cell contain

• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
• DNA
• Ribosome
• Enzymes
Human skin Cells
Binomial system of classification

• Binomial = two names (genus and


species)
• Worldwide system used by scientists
• The genus always has a capital letter
e.g. Panthera leo is the binomial name
for lion
Objectives:

❑ Classification

❑ Five Kingdoms of Life.

❑ Distinct characteristics of each of the Five


Kingdoms of Life.

❑ Characteristics of each Kingdom.


Species
The smallest group of organisms
classified which can interbreed
with each other to produce fertile
offspring
1.2. Classification
Why do we need to classify living things?

➢ There are about 1.4 million


species of discovered
organisms on the earth

➢ We divide them into different


groups to make studying
them easier
The classification
system
❖ Swedish naturalist 1735
❖ He divided all the different kind
of living things into groups called
species
❖ 12000 species
❖ Linnaeus classification was based
on same appearance and same
behavior

Linnaeus
I. Physical appearance
• All the organism with similar
phenotype/characteristics are put in one
group
e.g. Morphology
Anatomy
II. Using DNA Sequences to help
classification
➢ Based on the arrangement of DNA Bases (ATCG)
➢ Modern method of classification of species
scales made of keratin
no teeth but uses its long
tongue to feed on ants and
termites
roll into a tight ball
for protection

Pangolin (above) and armadillo (below)

armoured body covering,


made up of hard bony
plates
long claws which it uses
for digging and making a
burrow
small teeth, which are
not covered in enamel,
and feeds on grubs
and insects
humans are more closely related to chimpanzees (1.2% difference in the
genome – the complete set of genetic material of the organism) and gorillas
(1.6% different) than to orang- utans (3.1% different)
Classification of Living
Organism

KIDS PREFER CANDY OVER FRIED


GREEN SPINACH
Five Kingdom System

❑ Organisms are divided into five large groups called


kingdoms
Kingdom Animalia

❑ Characteristics
❖ Multicellular
❖ Cells have nucleus but no
cell wall and chloroplast
❖ Feed on organic substances
made by other living
organism
Kingdom Plantae
Characteristics
➢ Multicellular
➢ Cells have nucleus and also
contain cell wall
➢ Cell wall is made up of cellulose
and often contain cytoplasm
➢ Prepare their own food by
photosynthesis
Fungi kingdom

Eg: Mushrooms
Characteristics
❖ Multicellular/unicellular
❖ Have nuclei
❖ Have cell wall, made of chitin
❖ Do not have chlorophyll
❖ Feed by saprophytic or parasitic
nutrition
kingdom Protista
❖ Contains quite a mixture of organisms
Characteristics:
❖ Multicellular or Unicellular
❖ Cells have a nucleus
❖ Cells may or may not have a chloroplasts
❖ Some feed by photosynthesis and other
feed on organic substances made by other
organisms
Animals like Plants like
Kingdom Monera
Characteristics
❖ Prokaryotes
❖ Unicellular
❖ No true nucleus
❖ Have cell wall that is
made of peptidoglycan
❖ have circular loop of
DNA, plasmids
❖ No mitochondria
❖ No membrane bounded
organelles
Viruses
Viruses
❖ Viruses are not true
living things
❖ They can do nothing
until they enter a living
cell.
Diseases
❖ Common cold
❖ Influenza
❖ AIDs( HIV)
Scientists do not classify a virus as a living thing. This
is because:

❖ It does not show all seven processes for


life

❖ when it enters a cell, it changes the way a


cell works so it can make copies of the
virus.
Characteristics of Viruses

❖ Very small (100 times


smaller than bacteria)
❖ No typical cell structure
❖ Contain strand of DNA or
RNA
❖ Surrounded by a protein
coat called Capsid
❖ The only life process
they can show is the
reproduction inside the
host cell
Classifying Animals

Phylum Vertebrates
❑ Animals with a supporting rod
running along the length of the
body
❑ They have the
backbone(vertebral column)
❑ Class: fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds and mammals. MR.FAB
Vertebrae=the bones that make up the spine
Class Fish

All live in water except for one or two


(mudskipper) which spend short period of
time breathing air
Characteristics
❖Vertebrate with
scaly skin
❖Have gills
❖Have fins
❖no shell eggs laid in
water
Class Amphibians

Most of the amphibians live on land but they always go back


to the water to breed. Undergoes metamorphosis.
Toad, Frogs and Salamanders
Characteristics
❖ Vertebrates with moist scale-less skin
❖ no shell Egg laid in the water, Larva
( tadpole) lives in the water
❖ Adults often lives on the land
❖ Larva has gills and Adult has lungs
Class Reptiles

Snakes, crocodiles, Lizards, turtles


and tortoises
Characteristics
❖ They are vertebrate with Scaly Skin
❖ Lay eggs with rubbery shells
❖ They Don’t need go back to the water for
breeding because their eggs have water
proof shells which stops them from drying
out
Class Birds
▪ Birds lay eggs with hard shells
(like reptiles)
Characteristics
❖ Vertebrate with feathers
❖ Forelimbs have become wings
❖ Lay eggs with hard shells
❖ Endothermic
❖ Have Beak
❖ Heart has four chambers
Class Mammals
Characteristics
❖Vertebrate with hairs on the body
❖Have placenta
❖Young Feed on milk from mammary gland
❖ Endothermic
❖ Have Diaphragm
❖ Have pinna outside of the ears
❖ Heart has four chambers
❖ Have different type of teeth(Incisors, canines,
premolars and molars)
❖ Have sweat glands in their skin
Phylum Arthropods
❖ Also known as invertebrates
❖ jointed legs
❖ They are more successful group, because they
have waterproof exoskeleton that allow them to
live in the dry conditions
❖ They have many kinds on the earth than other
species
❖ class: insects, crustaceans, arachnids and
myriapods
Characteristics
Several pairs of legs
Exoskeleton
Insects
❖ They are mainly terrestrial
❖ Arthropods with three pairs of legs
❖ Two pairs of wings
❖ Body is divided into head thorax and abdomen
❖ Breath through trachea
❖ one pair of antennae
Most insects reproduce oviparously, i.e. by laying
eggs. The eggs are produced by the female in a pair
of ovaries. At the time of fertilization, the eggs
travel along oviducts to be fertilized by the sperm
and are then expelled from the body ("laid"),
Crustaceans

Crabs, Lobsters and woodlice


Characteristics
❖ They breath through gills
❖ Most of them live in the wet
places
❖ Arthropods with more than
four pairs of legs
❖ Two pairs of antennae
❖ Breath through Gills
❖ Fusion of a sperm with an egg,
❖ Some crustaceans are parthenogenetic;

❖ That is, they produce eggs that develop


without being fertilized by a sperm.
Arachnids
Spiders, Ticks and Scorpions
They are land-dwelling
Characteristics
❖ Arthropod with four pairs of
jointed legs
❖ Breath through gills
❖ No antennae
❖ Body is divided into
cephalothorax and abdomen

Internal fertilization.
Myriapods
These are the centipedes and millipedes
Characteristics
❖Body consist of many segments
❖Each segment has jointed legs
❖Fertilization is internal
❖have one pair of antennae
Classification of Plants

❖ Plants are organisms that have cell with


the cell wall made up of Cellulose
❖ Some parts of the plants are green
green pigment (chlorophyll)
Which absorb energy from sunlight
The plant uses this energy to make glucose
using carbon dioxide and water from the
environment.
this process is known as photosynthesis
❖ Ferns /Moses
❖ Flowering plants
Ferns

❖ Fern have leaves called fronds


❖ They don’t produce flower
❖ They reproduce by mean of spores produced
on the underside of the fronds
❖Characteristics
❖ Plants with roots, stems and leaves
❖ Have leaves called fronds
❖ Don’t produce flowers
❖ Reproduce by spores
Flowering Plants

❖They can be tiny or very large


❖Many trees are flowering plant
❖Characteristics
➢ Plants with root stem and leaves
➢ Reproduce sexually by means of
flowers and seeds
➢ Seeds are produced inside the
ovary in the flower
❑Flowering plants can be divided
into two main groups

1. Monocotyledonous
2. Dicotyledonous
Monocotyledonous
Characteristics
❖ They have only one cotyledon in their seeds
❖ They usually have the branching root system
❖ Flower parts in multiples of three
❖ They have leaves in which the veins run parallel to
one another
❖ they have vascular bundle in stem arranged
randomly
Dicots or Dicotyledon
❖ They have two cotyledons in their
seeds
❖ They frequently have tap root
system
❖ Their leaves are often broader than
monocots leaves, and they have
network of branching veins.
❖ Flower parts in multiples of four or
five
❖ they have vascular bundle in stem
arranged in a ring.
Dichotomous Keys

A dichotomous key is a
method for determining
the identity of something.
➢ It is like a road map
made of questions with a
yes/no answer.
➢ Depending on the answer
we will follow one path or
another
Keys are used to identify organisms based
on a series of questions about their
features

➢ Dichotomous means ‘branching into


two’ and it leads the user through to
the name of the organism by
giving two descriptions at a
time and asking them to choose

Yes No
➢ Each choice leads the user onto
another two descriptions
➢ In order to successfully navigate a
key, you need to pick a single
organism to start with and follow the
statements from the
beginning until you find the name
➢ You then pick another organism
and start at the beginning of the
key again, repeating until all
organisms are named

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