IGCSE BIOLOGY

SECTION 3 LESSON 1
 Content

Section 3
a) Reproduction
Reproduction - Flowering plants
and - Humans
Inheritance
b) Inheritance
 Content

a) Reproduction
Lesson 1 3.1 understand the differences between sexual and asexual
reproduction
3.2 understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a
a) Reproduction male and female gamete to produce a zygote that
undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
– flowering
plants
Flowering plants
3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a
wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for
pollination
3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed
by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation
3.5 understand the conditions needed for seed
germination
3.6 understand how germinating seeds utilise food
reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis
3.7 understand that plants can reproduce asexually by
natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial
methods (illustrated by cuttings)
 Reproduction

“Understand the
differences
between sexual
and asexual
reproduction.”
Reproduction

Reproduction is the
production of new
organisms. It may
be sexual or
asexual.
Reproduction
In either case,
reproduction
involves passing
genetic information
from parent to
offspring
Reproduction
In either case, i a l –
a t er s
i c m
reproduction e n e
e n et i n g
G involves
i n ed passing y
o n ta d b e
cgenetic ri e
information t h
car e s i n
from o s o m
parent to
r o m l eu s
ch nu c
offspring
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction produces offspring
that resemble their parents, but they are
not identical to them.
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction produces offspring
that resemble their parents, but they are
not identical to them.

In asexual reproduction, the offspring,

called clones, are genetically identical to
their parents
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion
of gametes.
Reproduction

Gametes are the

sex cells. In
animals, the male
sex cell is the
sperm, and the
female eggs or ova.
Reproduction

Gametes are the

sex cells. In plants,
the male sex cell is
the pollen, and the
female eggs.
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion
of gametes.

SPERM

EGG
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion
of gametes.

SPERM

ZYGOTE
EGG
 Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion
of gametes.

SPERM

ZYGOTE EMBRYO
EGG
Reproduction

Zygotes are formed

when the male
gamete fertilises
the female gamete.
Reproduction

Following
fertilisation, the
zygote divides into
2, then 4, then 8,
and so on.
Reproduction

In animals, when
the zygote
becomes implanted
in the womb it is
known as the
embryo.
Reproduction

In animals, after
about eight weeks
of development,
the embryo
becomes known as
the foetus
Reproduction in flowering
plants Wind pollinated.
The pollen is carried
by the wind between
flowers

Insect pollinated.
The pollen is carried
by insects between
flowers
 Insect pollination

Sepal – green, protects the flower whilst in

the bud.
 Insect pollination

Petal – colourful, scented. Attracts insects

to the flower
 Insect pollination

Anther – contains pollen sacs, in which are

the pollen grains (male gametes)
 Insect pollination

Filament – holds the anther so that insects

will brush against it and collect pollen
 Insect pollination

Together, the anther and the filament

make up the stamen, the male part of the
flower
Insect pollination

Stigma – sticky, collects the pollen from

insects visiting the flower.
 Insect pollination

Style – the pollen tube grows through this

on its way to the ovary
Insect pollination

Ovary – contains the ovules, the female

parts of the flower
Insect pollination

Ovule – this will develop into the seed

when the egg cell (female gamete) is
fertilised
Insect pollination

Together, the stigma, style and ovary

make up the carpel, the female
reproductive structure in the flower
Insect pollination
Insects visit flowers to
collect nectar, a
sugary substance
produced in nectaries
at the base of the
petals.
 Insect pollination
Insects visit flowers to
collect nectar, a
sugary substance
produced in nectaries
at the base of the
petals.

As the insect climbs

inside the flower in
search of nectar, so it
brushes against the
pollen on the outside
of the anthers.
 Insect pollination
Insects visit flowers to
collect nectar, a
sugary substance
produced in nectaries
at the base of the
petals.

As the insect climbs As the insect visits

inside the flower in other flowers, so it
search of nectar, so it transfers pollen to the
brushes against the stigma.
pollen on the outside
of the anthers.
 Insect pollination
As the bee As the bee
enters the enters the next
flower, it flower, pollen
brushes against sticks to the
the anther stigma
Wind pollination

In wind-pollinated
flowers the petals are
much reduced and are
not colourful.
Wind pollination

Stamens have anthers

that hang outside of the
flower, so they are
exposed to the wind.
Wind pollination

The stigmas are

feathery and exposed,
so that they can catch
pollen grains blown by
the wind
Comparison of insect
and wind pollinated
flowers
 Comparison of insect
and wind pollinated
flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers
Flowers are small and do not
Flowers are large and have
have brightly coloured petals (if
brightly coloured petals
at all)
 Comparison of insect
and wind pollinated
flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers
Flowers are small and do not
Flowers are large and have
have brightly coloured petals (if
brightly coloured petals
at all)
Large amounts of small, very Sticky pollen is produced in small
light pollen grains produced. amounts.
 Comparison of insect
and wind pollinated
flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers
Flowers are small and do not
Flowers are large and have
have brightly coloured petals (if
brightly coloured petals
at all)
Large amounts of small, very Sticky pollen is produced in small
light pollen grains produced. amounts.
Stigmas are long and feathery Stigmas are positioned inside the
and held outside of the flower flower so insects brush against them
 Comparison of insect
and wind pollinated
flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers
Flowers are small and do not
Flowers are large and have
have brightly coloured petals (if
brightly coloured petals
at all)
Large amounts of small, very Sticky pollen is produced in small
light pollen grains produced. amounts.
Stigmas are long and feathery Stigmas are positioned inside the
and held outside of the flower flower so insects brush against them
Anthers are positioned inside the
Anthers are held outside of the
flower so that insects will brush
flower by long filaments against them.
 Comparison of insect
and wind pollinated
flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers
Flowers are small and do not
Flowers are large and have
have brightly coloured petals (if
brightly coloured petals
at all)
Large amounts of small, very Sticky pollen is produced in small
light pollen grains produced. amounts.
Stigmas are long and feathery Stigmas are positioned inside the
and held outside of the flower flower so insects brush against them
Anthers are positioned inside the
Anthers are held outside of the
flower so that insects will brush
flower by long filaments against them.
Wind pollinated flowers do not Insect pollinated flowers produce
produce nectar nectar in nectaries.
 Comparison of insect
and wind pollinated
flowers
Wind pollinated flowers Insect pollinated flowers
Flowers are small and do not
Flowers are large and have
have brightly coloured petals (if
brightly coloured petals
at all)
Large amounts of small, very Sticky pollen is produced in small
light pollen grains produced. amounts.
Stigmas are long and feathery Stigmas are positioned inside the
and held outside of the flower flower so insects brush against them
Anthers are positioned inside the
Anthers are held outside of the
flower so that insects will brush
flower by long filaments against them.
Wind pollinated flowers do not Insect pollinated flowers produce
produce nectar nectar in nectaries.
Eg. the grasses, cereals Eg. orchids, foxgloves
 Fertilisation
STIGMA

Understand that the

STYLE
growth of the pollen
tube followed by
fertilisation leads to
seed and fruit
formation OVARY
 Fertilisation
The pollen grain
STIGMA
lands on the sticky
stigma, and
produces a pollen
tube.
STYLE

OVARY
 Fertilisation
STIGMA

The pollen tube,

containing the male
STYLE
nuclei, grows down
through the style

OVARY
 Fertilisation
STIGMA

STYLE

OVARY
The pollen tube
continues until it
reaches the embryo
sac of the ovule in
the ovary
 Fertilisation
STIGMA

STYLE

OVARY
The male nucleus in
the pollen tube
EMBRYO SAC
fuses with the egg
nucleus in the
embryo sac. EGG NUCLEUS
 Fertilisation
The fertilized egg
then divides by STIGMA
mitosis and grows
into a seed which
will become a new
plant. STYLE

OVARY
The male nucleus in
the pollen tube
EMBRYO SAC
fuses with the egg
nucleus in the
embryo sac. EGG NUCLEUS
 Fertilisation
The fertilized egg
then divides by STIGMA
mitosis and grows
into a seed which
will become a new
plant. STYLE
The layers around
the ovule harden
and become the
seed coat. OVARY
The male nucleus in
the pollen tube
EMBRYO SAC
fuses with the egg
nucleus in the
embryo sac. EGG NUCLEUS
 Fertilisation
The fertilized egg
then divides by STIGMA
mitosis and grows
into a seed which
will become a new
plant. STYLE
The layers around
the ovule harden
and become the
seed coat. OVARY
The male nucleus in
the pollen tube
EMBRYO SAC
fuses with the egg
nucleus in the
embryo sac. EGG NUCLEUS
In some plants the ovary grows into a
fruit to help with seed dispersal.
 Content

a) Reproduction
Lesson 1 3.1 understand the differences between sexual and asexual
reproduction
3.2 understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a
a) Reproduction male and female gamete to produce a zygote that
undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
– flowering
plants
Flowering plants
3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a
wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for
pollination
3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed
by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation
3.5 understand the conditions needed for seed
germination
3.6 understand how germinating seeds utilise food
reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis
3.7 understand that plants can reproduce asexually by
natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial
methods (illustrated by cuttings)
 Germination
What’s needed?
 Germination
What’s needed?
Water
- to hydrate
the
protoplasm,
to mobilise
enzymes, to
hydrolyse
stored food
(starch)
 Germination
What’s needed?
Water
- to hydrate
the
protoplasm,
to mobilise
enzymes, to
hydrolyse
stored food
(starch)
Warmth – to enable
enzymes to work
 Germination
What’s needed?
Water
- to hydrate
the
Oxygen
protoplasm, - For aerobic
to mobilise respiration to
enzymes, to supply
hydrolyse energy for
stored food growth
(starch)
Warmth – to enable
enzymes to work
 Germination
What’s needed?
t,
Water l igh on,
- to hydrate i r e ati
q u i n t Oxygen
the
r e r m e n - For aerobic
protoplasm, ds r ge iffe r
ee f o d respiration to
to mobilise
e s , i n
m r k r e supply
So rs da st a
enzymes, to
hydrolyse energy for
h e m o growth
stored food t
o but
(starch)
Warmth – to enable
enzymes to work
 Germination
D: Water,
A: No B: No C: No oxygen,
water oxygen warmth warmth

Wet
Seed
cotton
s
wool

Dry
cotton
wool

NaOH
All tubes NaOH and pyrogallol Put in
except C put to absorb oxygen refrigerator
in a warm
place
 Germination
D: Water,
A: No B: No C: No oxygen,
water oxygen warmth warmth

Result: only
Wet
Seed
s
seeds cotton
in tube D
wool

Dry
germinate! So
cotton
wool
seeds need
water, oxygen
and warmth NaOH
All tubes NaOH and pyrogallol Put in
except C put to absorb oxygen refrigerator
in a warm
place
 Seed germination

1. The seed germinates and the first growth

is seen. The stored food is utilised.
 Seed germination

2
1

2. The first roots and shoot begin to grow.

Food stores in the seed are still being used.
 Seed germination

2
1

3. The first leaves begin to uncurl and

photosynthesise. The food store in the seed
is used up.
 Seed germination
4

2
1

4. The leaves are now fully

photosynthesising and providing all the
nourishment that the plant needs.
 Understand that plants
can reproduce asexually
by natural methods
(illustrated by runners)
and by artificial methods
(illustrated by cuttings)
Asexual reproduction
All the offspring from
one asexually-
reproducing parent are
known as a clone, and
are all genetically
identical.
 Asexual reproduction
Natural method – eg. strawberry runner

Strawberry runners
are more correctly
called “stolons”.
They are horizontal
stems that run
above the ground
and produce new
clone plants at
“nodes” spaced at
varying intervals
 Asexual reproduction
Natural method – eg. strawberry runner

Strawberry runners
are more correctly
called “stolons”.
They are horizontal
stems that run
above the ground
and produce new
clone plants at
“nodes” spaced at
Under favourable conditions (warm, varying intervals
sufficient water), most strawberry plants
produce lots of runners. It is not
uncommon for a single plant to produce
between 30 and 50 runners.
Asexual reproduction
Artificial method – eg. cuttings

When a
cutting is
taken, a short
length of a
young stem is
cut just below
a node.
Asexual reproduction
Artificial method – eg. cuttings

The cut end is then

dipped in rooting powder.
– this contains plant
hormones that encourage
the growth of roots. The
cutting will then be
planted in aerated damp
soil. Some leaves may be
removed to lessen
transpiration
 Reproduction in flowering
3.3 describe the structures of plants
an insect-pollinated and
a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is
adapted for pollination
3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube
followed by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit
formation
3.5 understand the conditions needed for seed
germination

3.6 understand how germinating seeds utilise food

reserves until the seedling can carry out
photosynthesis
3.7 understand that plants can reproduce asexually by
natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by
artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings)
 End of Section 3 Lesson 1

In this lesson we have covered:

Sexual and asexual reproduction

Fertilisation

Reproduction in flowering plants

Germination