INTRODUCTIO

N TO
MEDICINE
Presented by Group 7/ Day 1
 OUR TEAM

Stephen Aliyah Lorraine Johris

Marzan Dacayanan Lopez Iliw Iliw
 WHAT IS
MEDICINE?
WHAT IS MEDICINE?
The science of healing: diagnosis,
treatment, prevention of disease, and
health promotion.
Medications: drugs or substances used
to treat and cure diseases.
 WHAT IS
Defined MEDICINE?
as:
1. A drug.
2. The art and science of preventing and
curing diseases.
3. The study and treatment of
general/internal diseases (non-surgical).
Derived from Latin ars medicina (the art of
healing).
 DRUGS
Drug is taken from the French
term “drogue.” It is a substance
that can induce what’s called a
form of stupefaction because it
stupefies one’s line of thought and
state of mental well-being.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DRUGS & MEDICINE
Medicine Drugs

Prevents/Treats diseases Alters body functions

Low toxicity Can be addictive

Positive connotation Often seen negatively

Example: Over-the-counter anti-

Example: Antidepressant
inflammatory medicines such as Advil
 IMPORTANCE OF
MEDICINE
• Cure, halt, or prevent disease.
• Ease symptoms and aid diagnosis.
• Some medicines kill bacteria/viruses,
treat cancer, or replace missing
substances.
• Derived from natural and synthetic
sources.
 DIFFERENT TYPES
OF MEDICINE
• Some medicines cure illnesses by killing or
stopping the spread of bacteria and viruses.
• Others treat cancer by destroying dividing
cells or preventing their multiplication.
• Some drugs replace missing substances or
correct low levels of hormones or vitamins.
• Medicines can also affect parts of the
nervous system that regulate body
processes.
 GOALS OF MEDICINE
According to Garrett & Colleagues
• Prolong life.
• Alleviate suffering.
• Optimize a patient’s chance for a happy &
productive life.
Hippocratic Goals
• Eliminate suffering.
• Lessen disease severity.
• Acknowledge when medicine cannot cure.
 GOALS OF MEDICINE
Philosophical & Ethical Goals
• Prevent & treat diseases.
• Relieve pain & suffering.
• Care for incurable patients.
• Ensure a dignified death.
HISTORY
OF
MEDICINE
 PREHISTORIC
MEDICINE
• Refers to medicine before the invention of
writing.
• People believed in a mix of natural and
supernatural causes and treatments.
• Healing was performed by shamans or witch
doctors, using plant-based remedies such as
mallow and yarrow (used about 60,000
years ago).
• Early medical practices included
rudimentary surgeries, casting spells, and
performing charms for healing.
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
MEDICINE (3300 BC–525
• BC)
Considered one of the earliest advanced
medical systems.
• Egyptians believed that spirits blocked
channels in the body, affecting its
functions.
Ebers Papyrus (1500
BC): One of the oldest
medical documents,
detailing treatments and
diagnoses.
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
MEDICINE (3300 BC–525
BC)
Egyptian doctors categorized injuries
into:
1. Treatable injuries – treated immediately.
2. Contestable injuries – monitored to
determine severity.
3. Untreatable ailments – left without
intervention.
• Practiced the principle of simila similibus
(treating like with like), e.g., ostrich eggs
used for skull fractures.
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
MEDICINE (3300 BC–525
Notable figures:
BC)
• Hesy-Ra (2700 BC):
Chief of Dentists and
Doctors.
• Peseshet (2400
BC): First known
female doctor.
 ANCIENT GREEK MEDICINE
• Greek medicine laid the foundation for
modern scientific medicine.
• The first medical schools developed in
Sicily and Calabria (now Italy).
• Pythagoreans believed numbers
(especially 4 & 7) influenced health.
Alcmaeon of Croton (500
BC):
• Early theorist in medical
philosophy.
 ANCIENT GREEK MEDICINE
Hippocrates (460-370 BC):
• Known as the Father of Western
Medicine.
• Founded the Hippocratic School of
Medicine.
• Advocated for careful observation,
patient records, and ethical medical
practice (Hippocratic Oath).
• Greek doctors specialized in treating broken
bones and dislocations and even performed
spinal adjustments for slipped discs.
 ANCIENT ROMAN
• MEDICINE
Roman medicine was heavily influenced by
Greek practices.
• Adopted the Four Humors theory and
believed in spiritual causes of disease.
• Used opium and scopolamine as
painkillers and acid vinegar as an
antiseptic for wounds.
• Developed surgical instruments and
performed Caesarean sections (though
mothers did not survive).
 ANCIENT ROMAN
MEDICINE
Galen (129 AD–200/216
AD):
• A Greek physician who
advanced human anatomy
through animal
dissections.
• Became a famous doctor
in Rome and served as
Emperor Marcus Aurelius'
personal physician.
 ANCIENT ROMAN
MEDICINE
Marcus Terentius Varro (116
BC–27 BC):
• Proposed that disease was
caused by tiny organisms too
small to see (early concept of
bacteria and viruses).
Pedanius Dioscorides (40–90
AD):
• Greek doctor in Rome, wrote
one of the first pharmacology
books.
 MEDIVAL ISLAMIC&
EUROPEAN MEDICINE
Islamic Medicine (8th–14th Century)
• Islamic physicians integrated knowledge
from Greek, Roman, and Persian sources.
Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī
(Al-Razi) (865–925):
• First to differentiate measles from
smallpox. Known as the Father of
Pediatrics and pioneer of
immunology.
 MEDIVAL ISLAMIC&
EUROPEAN MEDICINE
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–
1037):
• Wrote The Canon of
Medicine, a medical
encyclopedia used for
centuries in medical schools.
Described contagious
diseases and the importance
of quarantine.
 MEDIVAL ISLAMIC&
EUROPEAN MEDICINE
Medieval European Medicine (5th–15th
Century)
• Known as the Middle Ages (476 AD–1453
AD).
• Period of stagnation in medical
advancements, heavily influenced by religious
beliefs.
• Early hospitals were established for plague
victims, lepers, and the poor.
The Black Death (14th Century)
• led to further medical exploration.
 THE RENAISSANCE
PERIOD (1400s–1700s)
• A revival of scientific discovery and human
anatomy studies.
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553):
• Proposed that epidemics were
caused by unseen pathogens.
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564):
• Revolutionized human anatomy with
detailed dissections.
• Published De Humani Corporis
Fabrica (On the Structure of the
Human Body).
 THE RENAISSANCE
PERIOD (1400s–1700s)
William Harvey (1578–1657):
• First to accurately describe
blood circulation and heart
function.
Edward Jenner (1749–1823):
• Developed the first vaccine
(smallpox).
• Known as the Father of
Immunology.
 MODERN MEDICINE (18th
CENTURY–PRESENT)
• The Industrial Revolution led to rapid
advancements in medical knowledge and
technology.
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–
1865):
• Discovered that handwashing
reduced childbirth infections
and mortality.
MODERN MEDICINE (18th
CENTURY–PRESENT)
Joseph Lister (1865):
• Introduced antisepsis in
surgery, reducing
infections.
Louis Pasteur (1822–
1895):
• Founded germ theory and
developed pasteurization.
MODERN MEDICINE (18th
CENTURY–PRESENT)
Claude Bernard (1813–
1878):
• Advanced studies in
physiology and
biochemistry.
Florence Nightingale (1820–
1910):
• Revolutionized nursing
practices and improved
hospital sanitation.
INTRODUCTIO
N TO
MEDICINE
Presented by Group 7/ Day 2
TIMELINE OF
MEDICAL
MILESTONES
2000-
PRESENT
 TIMELINE OF MEDICAL
MILESTONES (2000-
PRESENT DAY
2000:
• Human Genome Project was
completed.
• HGP is an international
scientific effort to sequence
and map the human
genome.
 TIMELINE OF MEDICAL
MILESTONES (2000-
PRESENT DAY
2001:
• Dr. Kenneth Matsumura
created the first bio-artificial
liver & Jacques Marescaux
carried out the first ever
TeleSurgery
 TIMELINE OF MEDICAL
MILESTONES (2000-
PRESENT DAY
2002:
• HemCon Medical
Technologies Incorporated
created Chitosan Bandages.
• Chitosan bandages are
wound dressings that
contain chitosan, a natural
polymer derived from
crustacean shells.
 TIMELINE OF MEDICAL
MILESTONES (2000-
PRESENT DAY
2005:
• Transplant specialist Jean-
Michel Dubernard
performed a partial flace
transplant.
 TIMELINE OF MEDICAL
MILESTONES (2000-
PRESENT DAY
2006:
• Gardasil became the first
HDV vaccine approved by
US FDA.
 TIMELINE OF MEDICAL
MILESTONES (2000-
PRESENT DAY
2007:
• A bionic eye (prosthetic)
was created by Argus 11
Retinal Stimulation System
that was fully functional
 TIMELINE OF MEDICAL
MILESTONES (2000-
PRESENT DAY
2010:
• A full face transplant was
carried out by Spanish
doctors led by DR. Joan Pere
Barret, at Spain.
 BRIEF
HISTORY OF
DRUGS
 HISTORY OF DRUGS

1. Cannabis
-From a family of plants the
that include hemp. Originated
in 6000 BC in China where the
seeds were used for food.
 HISTORY OF DRUGS

2.Opium
-Comes from the dried juice of
unripe pods of opium poppy.
Originated from Mesopotamia
3400 BCE and in 1000BC India
where it was cultivated.
 HISTORY OF DRUGS

3. Cocaine
-Derived from coca leaves,
originating from 3000 BC Incan
Empire of Peru.
 HISTORY OF DRUGS
4. Nicotine
-A psychoactive constituent of
tobacco, first used by
Europeans in the 16th century
when tobacco and seeds from
Brazil were sent to Paris in
1560.
 HISTORY OF DRUGS
5. Morphine
- 80 year old pharmacist
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam
isolated morphine from opum
poppies in 1803.
 HISTORY OF DRUGS
6. Heroine
-In 1898, Bayer Company
introduced heroin as a
substitute for weaning addicts
of morphine but it also
appeared to be as addictive as
morphine.
 HISTORY OF DRUGS
7. Amphetamines
-It is a group of drug that
stimulates central nervous
system. It was first synthesized
in 1887 in Germany.
 HISTORY OF DRUGS
8. Ecstacy
-"E" or "X" are the street
names for MDMA or 3,4
Methylenedioxymethamphetam
ine first synthesized by a
chemist looking for substances
to stop bleeding in 1912.
 HISTORY OF DRUGS
9. LSD
-It was first synthesized in
1938 in Switzerland by Albert
Hoffman, and popularized in
the 1960's in U.S. when
American students were
encouraged to tune on, tune in,
and drop out.
INTRODUCTIO
N TO
MEDICINE &
DRUGS
Presented by Group 7/ Day 3
WHAT IS
DRUG?
 WHAT IS DRUG?
Drug is any subtance that alters the central
nervous system, brain chemistry or bodily
functions. This chemical substtance can be
used in treatments, cure, prevention or
diagnosis of disease or can be used to
enhanced physical or mental well- being.
 DRUGS
Drug is taken from the French
term “drogue.” It is a substance
that can induce what’s called a
form of stupefaction because it
stupefies one’s line of thought and
state of mental well-being.
 TWO TYPES OF
DRUGS
1. Medicinal Drugs
- prescribed by a doctor for a limited
time frame or for use on regular basis for
chronic conditions.
2. Recreational or Street Drugs
- drugs that targets the central
nervous system and brain chemistry.
PSYCHOACTIVE
DRUG
 PSYCHOACTIVE
DRUG
• Psychoactive drugs belong to a broader
category of psychoactive substances that
include also alcohol and nicotine.
• are substances that, when taken in or
administered into one's system, affect
mental processes
 FOUR CATEGORIES OF
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG
1. Depressants
- Drugs that decrease alertness by slowing
down the activity of the central nervouse system.
(e.g. heroin, alcohol opium, morphine, and
analgesics)
2. Stimulants
- Drugs that increase the body’s states of
arousal by increasingthe activity of the brain
(e.g. caffeine, nicotine cocaine, and
amphetamines
3. Hallucinogens
- Drugs that alter perception and ca cause
hallucinations, such as seeing or being something is
not there. (e.g. LSD mescaline and ‘magic
mushroom’)
4. Sedatives and tranquilizers
- Some drugs fall into other category
(e.g. cannabis has depressive, hallucinogenic and
some stimulant properties)
 REASONS WHY
PEOPLE USE DRUGS
1. to have fun
2.to relax and forget problems
3.to gain confidence
4.to socialize
5.out of curiosity
6.as a form of ecapism
7.to lessen inhibitions
8.to remove personal responsibility for decisions
9.to celebrate or commiserate
10.relieve boredom and stress
11.self-medication to cope with problems
CLASSIFICATION
OF DRUGS
ACCORDING TO
THEIR EFFECTS
ON BEHAVIOR
 1. Sedatives and
tranquillizers (depressant)
• Valium, Calmpose, Trytano
-depress the activity of central nervous
system and produce a feeling of calmness
and relaxation.
• Tranquillizerser
-are the drugs that reduce tension
and anxiety, bring calmness without
inducing sleep.
• Morphine and Codeine
Morphine is the active ingredient of
opium and is used to relieve pain. It is
valuable as an analgesic. It leads to
addiction.
• Codeine is a mild analgesic. In small
doses it does not cause addiction. It
is an ingredient of certain medicines
like cough syrups.
 • Barbiturates
-are synthetic drugs commonly called as
sleeping pills. They are used to decrease
anxiety and induce sleep.
2. Opiate narcotics or
narcotic drugs
• Opium is be taken orally in powder form, or
inhaled (smoked) or taken in the form of
injections. It is extracted from the juice of white
poppy capsule Papaver somniferum.
• Heroin is highly addictive and so dang
erous to human 15 health that its use in
medicine is also illegal. It is taken orally,
inhaled or injected.
3. Stimulants
• Caffeine is a mild stimulant and is found
in the leaves of tea plant, seeds of coffee
and cocoa plant. It is commonly taken in
the form of beverages like tea, coffee,
cocoa and cold drinks.
 • Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of the
South American cocoa plant. It causes a
feeling of excitement and increases self-
confidence. It causes temporary stimulation
of nervous system and feeling of enlightment.
• Amphetamines are synthetic drugs often
used as pep pills. They often taken by truck
drivers and night workers to keep themselves
awake, without realizing that these also
cause blurred vision and impair judgement.
 4. HALLUCINOGENS
• LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is the
most dangerous hallucinogen. It is obtained
from the argot fungus.

• Mescaline is extracted from the spineless

cactus that grows in south – west America.
The drug is used to get kicks and has similar
effects like other hallucinogens
• Psilocybin is extracted from certain
mushrooms Psilocybe semilanceata,
commonly known as the liberty cap. It is also
taken to get kicked and causes
hallucinations.
• Products of hemp plant charas, bhang
and ganja, marijuana and hashish are
obtained from the dried leaves and flowers
parts of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa.
These drugs are commonly taken by drug
users in India. The reaction 16 depends upon
the amount and strength of the drug used.
 THAT’S ALL
THANYOU ALL FOR
LISTENING