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5-Sound

The document provides an overview of sound characteristics, including volume (measured in decibels) and pitch (high or low frequency). It explains how sound travels through different mediums, the mechanics of vibrations, and the anatomy of the ear involved in sound detection. Additionally, it discusses sound wave interference, including reinforcement and cancellation effects.

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abdulrahmanalaa3010
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10 views

5-Sound

The document provides an overview of sound characteristics, including volume (measured in decibels) and pitch (high or low frequency). It explains how sound travels through different mediums, the mechanics of vibrations, and the anatomy of the ear involved in sound detection. Additionally, it discusses sound wave interference, including reinforcement and cancellation effects.

Uploaded by

abdulrahmanalaa3010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SUMMARY

• Volume: Loud or soft(quiet).


• Pitch: High or Low
• Low pitch: Long, loose, thick (Long
air column)
• High pitch: SSTT(Short, Small, thin ,
tight)
SUMMARY
*Volume(Loud or soft)
-The unit for measuring the volume is
decibel(dB)
-The louder the sound the more energy it has.
*Pitch(High or low)
High pitch(Sharp sound)
Low pitch(Thick sound)
SUMMARY
High frequency-Many waves-High pitch

The loudness(Amplitude)

The frequency(Pitch)
SOUND
Vibration: is a to and fro ( backwards and forward)
movement about a fixed point.
Any object can make a sound wave when it
vibrates.

Sound can travel in gas, liquid or solid (contain


particles)
• When an object vibrates it makes the particles
next to it vibrate.
• As the vibrating object moves towards the air
particles it squashes them together (high
pressure).
• As the vibrating object moves away the air
particles spread out(low pressure).
• As the object vibrates the air particles also move
forward and backwards and then air particles
further away squash and spread out.
COMPRESSION
Regions of air that have many particles
RAREFACTION
Regions of air that have few particles
PITCH

It can be high or low

Shar Thic
p k
How to change
pitch?
High
pitch
Short guitar
string

Vibrates fast
causing high
pitch
Low
pitch
Long guitar
string

Vibrates slowly
causing low
pitch
Unit:
Frequency Hertz
(Hz).
The number of times an object vibrates per
second.

The number of waves per second


Low pitch
sounds has
lower frequency.

High pitch
sounds has
higher
frequency.
VOLUME

It can be loud or soft


(quiet)
Which bird the sound is
1 loud ?
So, the amount
of energy is
high
2

Which bird the sound is


soft ?
So, the amount
of energy is
low
THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN
A WAVE IS CALLED

Amplitude
THE LOUDNESS OF SOUND

• The loudness of a sound is


related to the movement of
the particles.

• The loudness of a sound is


measured in decibels.

• Loud sound (large • Quiet sound (small


amplitude, large amount of amplitude, small amount of
energy) energy)
The shape of this graph is sometimes called a
OSCILLOSCOPE

• An instrument that
allows us to see
waves produced by
sound.
DESCRIBING A WAVE
• Displacement/distance graph is used to show the
different position of particles when a sound wave is
produced.

Crest

Trough
• Two characteristics of sound waves:
(a)Amplitude (height of crest or depth of trough)
(b)Wavelength (distance from top of one crest to the next /
distance from bottom of one trough to the next)

Crest

Trough
Pitch (or
frequency)

 A high pitch  A low pitch


sound sound

The pitch depends on the number of sound


waves it produces in a second.
DETECTING SOUND WAVES
• Ear is the organ of the body that detects sound
waves.

• The ear is divided into three parts:


a) Outer ear
b) Middle ear
c) Inner ear
Outer ear Inner ear

Ear drum

Middle
Sound waves reach the
outer ear.

It pass through the


auditory canal.

Then reach the ear drum


and make it vibrate.

Waves pass from the ear drum to


the three ear bones (hammer, anvil
and stirrup).
The bones vibrate and transfer the
vibrations to the cochlea (sound
Cochlea sends the vibration to the
hair cells

When hair cells vibrate they send nervous signals to


the brain
• If very loud sounds enter the ears the
vibrations in the ear fluid are so strong that
they damage the hair cells and stop the
nerve endings being stimulated.

• This can produce permanent ear damage or


deafness.
Can sound travel in vacuum?
Can sound travel in vacuum?

No
Why lightning is seen before thunder is
heard?
How might our ears become damaged?
Ear gets blocked by This can be
wax treated with
Accidents or loud antibiotics
bangs can damage the A doctor can wash this
eardrum out
Middle ear can get
This might repair
infected
itself
Older peoples bones may This prevents
fuse vibration
Nerve cells in the There is no cure for
cochlea degrade with this
time
Loud noise may Signals are not
damage the cochlea sent to the brain
Hearing
Ranges Hearing Ranges of Animals

Bats
Pigeons

Humans

Animal
Mice
Elephants

Moths

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000
Frequency [Hz]

Which animal can hear the highest


frequency?
INTERFERENCE OF SOUND
• The effect that is produced when the waves meet each other is called
interference.
• Interference is easiest to detect when the waves have the same
frequency and the same amplitude.
• Interference can produce 2 effects:
- The waves can reinforce each other
- The waves can cancel each other
WAVES THAT REINFORCE
• Reinforce means to make stronger.
• Waves will reinforce when they meet with the peaks together and with
the troughs together. As shown in the diagram.
WAVES THAT REINFORCE

If you look carefully at the diagram, you will see that:


- The amplitude of the two waves that interfere are added
together.
- The frequency of the two waves that interfere does not change

That means, that when two sound waves reinforce, the sound becomes louder.
• Sound waves can meet and reinforce where there are 2 sources of the same sound.
WAVES THAT CANCEL
• Waves can cancel when they meet with the peaks and troughs together.
• The word cancel here means adding together to make zero.
• Think of a peak as the wave’s maximum positive amplitude, and a trough
as the wave’s maximum negative amplitude.
When you add a positive number to a negative number of equal size, you
get zero. For example: 2 + (-2) = 0.
WAVES THAT CANCEL
• The amplitudes of the 2 waves that interfere are added together to
become zero, the result is no sound.
• For 2 sound waves to cancel completely, their frequencies must
be the same and their amplitudes must be the same.

• Noise-cancelling headphones work by making sound waves cancel.


WAVES THAT CANCEL
• The amplitudes of the 2 waves that interfere are added together to
become zero, the result is no sound.
• For 2 sound waves to cancel completely, their frequencies must be the
same and their amplitudes must be the same.

• Noise-cancelling headphones work by making sound waves cancel.

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