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The document provides an introduction to chi-square tests, which are hypothesis tests that assume the test statistic follows a chi-square distribution, primarily used for relationships between qualitative variables. It explains the chi-square statistic calculation, the concepts of dependent and independent variables, and includes examples and practice problems for better understanding. Two main types of chi-square tests are highlighted: the goodness-of-fit test and the test of independence.

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John Denver
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9 views

1 (7)

The document provides an introduction to chi-square tests, which are hypothesis tests that assume the test statistic follows a chi-square distribution, primarily used for relationships between qualitative variables. It explains the chi-square statistic calculation, the concepts of dependent and independent variables, and includes examples and practice problems for better understanding. Two main types of chi-square tests are highlighted: the goodness-of-fit test and the test of independence.

Uploaded by

John Denver
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Chi-Square Tests
Chi-square Test
1 any hypothesis test that assumes that the sampling distribution of the test
statistic follows the chi-square distribution, which is the distribution of the
sum of squared standard normal scores.

This test is mostly used to test relationships between


qualitative variables. There are mainly two types of chi-
square test: the chi-square goodness-of-fit test and
the chi-square test of independence.
Chi-square Test
1 any hypothesis test that assumes that the sampling distribution of the test
statistic follows the chi-square distribution, which is the distribution of the
sum of squared standard normal scores.

Example:
Chi-square test can be used to test if there is a
significant relationship between the economic status of
customers and the brand of medicine that they buy in a
drugstore. We can use this test since both variables are
qualitative.
Chi-square Statistic
2 the chi-square statistic is given by

where and are the observed and expected frequencies, respectively, of


category .

It is important to note that the sum of observed


frequencies and the sum of expected frequencies should
always be equal.
Example:
Consider the table below.
Expected Observed
Frequency Frequency
Category 1
Category 2
Example:
The chi-square statistic can be solved as follows.

Thus,
Dependent and Independent Variables
3 If the first variable affects the second variable, then the two categorical
variables are dependent. If there exists no relationship between the two
variables, then they are independent.

Example:
Consider the two variables: economic status of a person
and their brand preference. If economic status affects
the brand preference of customers, we say that the two
categorical variables (economic status and brand
preference) are dependent.
Dependent and Independent Variables
3 If the first variable affects the second variable, then the two categorical
variables are dependent. If there exists no relationship between the two
variables, then they are independent.

Example:
Otherwise, we say that they are independent, which
means that there exists no relationship between the two
variables.
Example 1: Suppose that the expected frequencies of
two categories are and . When a researcher conducted
the same study, he recorded and as frequencies of the
two categories, respectively. What is the value of ?
Solution:

1. Tabulate the given values.


Let us tabulate the expected frequencies and the
observed frequencies. The researcher’s study represents
the observed frequencies.
Expected Observed
Frequency Frequency
Category 1
Category 2
2. Use the formula to compute the chi-square statistic
value.
Thus, the value of is .
Example 2: Given the observed and expected
frequencies in the table below, calculate the chi-square
statistic value.
Expected Observed
Frequency Frequency
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Use the formula to compute the chi-square statistic
value.
Thus, the value of is .
Individual Practice:

1. Suppose the expected frequencies of three categories


in a study are , , and and the observed frequencies
are , , and , respectively. What is the value of the chi-
square statistic?
Individual Practice:

2. Compute the chi-square statistic given the table


below.
Expected Observed
Frequency Frequency
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Group Practice: To be done in groups of five.

Ten years ago, of a school’s population consisted of


female students. This year, the school recorded an
enrolment of males and females. Calculate the chi-
square statistic value of the given data.
Chi-square Test
1 any hypothesis test that assumes that the sampling distribution of the test
statistic follows the chi-square distribution, which is the distribution of the
sum of squared standard normal scores

Chi-square Statistic
2 the chi-square statistic is given by

where and are the observed and expected frequencies, respectively, of


category .
Dependent and Independent Variables
3 If the first variable affects the second variable, then the two categorical
variables are dependent. If there exists no relationship between the two
variables, then they are independent.

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