UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,

SOCIETY AND POLITICS

LESSON 2 Functions of Cultural, Social and

Political Institutions

LESSON 3 Norms and Patterns of Behavior

of Cultural, Social and Political Institutions

Prepared by: REZEL M. DIAMOD

TEACHER I
 REVIEW

Arrange the following logos into state

and non-state institutions.
OBJECTIVES
1.Identify the different functions of
cultural, social and political institutions;

2.Relate the functions of cultural, social

and political institutions in real-life
situations.

3.Analyze the norms and patterns of

behavior of the cultural, social and
political institutions.
Add the following pairs of pictures to identify the correct word or
phrase.

NUCLEAR
+ = FAMILY
_____________

+ = NORMS
_____________
-WO

FAM + = FAMILY
_____________
-JEL
+ = MARRIAGE
-VILL _____________

+ GAMY = EXOGAMY
_____________
VIDEO PRESENTAT
ION
Social Institutions

consists of a group of people who

have come together for a common
purpose. Example of a social
institution is a Family – the basic unit
in society traditionally consisting of
two parents rearing their children.
Family Orientation

Often compared to family of

procreation. Family of procreation
refers to the family you create
through marriage and by having or
adopting children, it is often
compared to family of orientation,
which is the family that we are born
to.
Practices in tracing family lineage:
Unilineal system – a system of determining
descent groups in which one belongs to
one’s father’s or mother’s line, whereby
traced either exclusively through male
ancestors (patriline), female (matriline).

Patrilineal – relating to or based on

relationship to the father or descent through
the male line.
Matrilineal – refers to familial relationships
that can be traced through a female. To follow
matrilineal line in your family, start with your
mom.
Bilateral – comes from Latin: “bi” means “two”
and lateralis means “belonging to the side.”
Debates about issues can be described as
bilateral – as long as people on both sides get
to speak. However, bilateral can describe
anything with two sides, like some of the
organs in the body: the brain, heart and lungs
all have two distinct sides.
Marriage
Some cultures, marriage is
arranged by families, and in others
people choose their own husbands or
wives if they decide to marry. There are
some places where marriage is limited
to unions between a man and a woman,
while more and more states and
countries recognize marriage between
same-sex couples too.
 Types of Marriage
Societies rules of marriage – for the
societies that practice marriage there
are rules about whom one can marry
and cannot marry (note: not all groups
marry; traditionally the Na in Southwest
China do not marry). All societies have
some form of an incest taboo that
forbids sexual relationships with certain
people. This is variable from culture to
culture.
1. Endogamy – marriage within one’s
on tribe or group as required by
custom or law.

2. Exogamy – marriage to a person

belonging to a tribe or group other
than your own as required by custom
or law.

3. Polygamy – having more than one

wife at a time.
4. Polyandry – having more than one
relationship, husband at a time.

5. Monogamy – is when you are

married to, or in sexual relationship
with, one person at a time. Humans
are one of the few species that
practice monogamy. Well,
sometimes.
 Types of Residence
Patrilocal residence – is structured by a rule
that a man remains in his father’s house after
reaching maturity and brings his wife to live
with his family after marriage.

Matrilocal residence – is instituted by a rule

that a woman remains in her mother’s
household after reaching maturity and brings
her husband to live with her family after
marriage.
Ambilocal residence – also called bilocal
residence is the societal post marital
residence in which couples, upon marriage,
choose to live with or near either spouse’s
parents.

Neolocal residence – type of post-marital

residence in which a newly married couple
resides separately from both the husband’s
natal household and the wife’s natal
household.
 Types of family in the contemporary
world
Transitional family

is a residential service for young

women and children. The goal is to
assist these young women in developing
the educational, vocational and social
skills necessary for a successful
transition to self-sufficiency.
Single parent

is a parent ho parents alone. It

mean there is an absence of the other
parent as opposed to a co-parent,
meaning that the parent is not the only
parent regardless of whether or not they
are couple.
Reconstituted

the simple definition of a blended

family, also called a step family,
reconstituted family, or a complex family,
is a family unit where one or both
parents have children from a previous
relationship, but they have combined to
form a new family. The parents may or
may not then have children with each
other.
DIFFERENCE BETWEE
N LEGAL SEPARATION
, ANNULLMENT AND D
IVORCE
Legal Separation
a legal process by which a married
couple may formalize a de facto
separation while remaining legally
married. A legal separation is granted in
the form of court order.
 Grounds for legal separation are the
following:

• Adultery on the part of the wife or

concubinage on the part of the husband.
• Attempt by one spouse against the life of
the other.
• Physical violence or moral pressure to
compel the petitioner to change religious
or political affiliation.
• Repeated physical violence or grossly
abusive conduct directed against
petitioner, a common child, or a common
child petitioner.
• Attempt of the respondents to corrupt or
induce the petitioner common child or a
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child of the petitioner, or to engage in

prostitution or connivance in such
corruption or inducement.
Annulment
it is a legal procedure within secular
and religious legal system for declaring a
marriage null and void.
Grounds for annulment of marriage:
Absence of parental consent if one of the
parties is eighteen years old but below twenty-
one.
• Either of the party was of unsound mind;
• Consent of either party was obtained by
fraud.
• Force, intimidation or undue influence
obtained consent of either party.
• Physical incapacity
• Affliction of serious and incurable
sexually transmitted disease.
Divorce

it is known as dissolution of
marriage, is the termination of a
marriage or marital union, the
cancelling or reorganizing of the legal
duties and responsibilities of marriage,
thus dissolving.
 COMMON LAW GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE

• Adultery
• Inappropriate sexual practices or
indignities
• Physical abuse and Emotional abuse
• Abandonment (actual and constructive)
• Habitual drunkenness
• Addiction
• Irreconcilable Differences
• Mental illness
 ANNULMENT DIVORCE
• A legal ruling that erases a • A legal dissolving, termination,
marriage by declaring the and ending of a legally valid
marriage null and void and that marriage. A divorce ends a legal
the union was never legally valid. marriage and declares the
However, the marriage records spouses to be single again.
remain on file even if the • After a divorce, spouses are
marriage is erased. An often entitled to a certain number
annulment does not mean that of years of spousal support,
the marriage never happened; it alimony, or a portion of each
means that the marriage was others’ profits or property gained
never legally valid. during the marriage.
• After annulment, the parties are
not really considered to have
been valid spouses and are not
entitled to these same rights.
Instead, they will revert to the
financial state they were in prior
to the marriage.
 ANNULMENT DIVORCE
• If a couple has children and their • If a couple has children and their
marriage is annulled, the children marriage is annulled, the children
are still considered “legitimate,” are still considered “legitimate,”
(i.e., not born to unmarried (i.e., not born to unmarried
parents). But in some states the parents). But in some states the
assumption of parentage changes, assumption of parentage changes,
and as part of the annulment and as part of the annulment
process, the judge must establish process, the judge must establish
the children’s parentage. the children’s parentage.
• After that (or immediately, in states • After that (or immediately, in states
where the assumption does not where the assumption does not
change), the court and/or the state change), the court and/or the state
can determine custody and support can determine custody and support
requirements as it would in divorce requirements as it would in divorce
proceeding. No matter what, proceeding. No matter what,
children are still entitled to the children are still entitled to the
support of both parents, even if support of both parents, even if their
their parents’ marriage is parents’ marriage is considered
considered invalid. invalid.
 Politics among family members
Patriarchal – a social system in which males hold
primary power and predominate in roles of political
leadership, moral authority, social privilege and
control of property.

Matriarchal – a social system in which females hold

the primary power positions in roles of political
leadership, moral authority, social privilege and
control of property at the specific exclusion of males
– at least to a large degree.

Egalitarian – relating to or believing in the principle

that all people are equal and deserve equal rights
and opportunities.
 Politics among families in society
Political Dynasty – is a family in which several
members are involved in politics, particularly
electoral politics. Members may be related by blood
or marriage; often several generations or multiple
siblings may be involved.

Incest – sexual activity between family members or

close relatives. This typically includes sexual activity
between people in a consanguineous relationship
(blood relations), and sometimes those related by
affinity, stepfamily, those related by adoption or
marriage, or members of the same clan or lineage.
 NORMS AND PATTERNS OF
BEHAVIOR OF CULTURAL,
SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
Cultural norms
Norms are agreed-upon
expectations and rules by which a
culture guides the behavior of its
members in any given situation.

Example:
• We are supposed to be sad and
depressed when a family member dies.
 TWO TYPES OF NORMS
A. FOLKWAYS - these are everyday
habits; customs, traditions, and
conventions people obey without
giving much thought to the matter.
Example:
• Barrio folks eat with their bare hands
and walk along the streets barefooted.
• Pagmamano
• Harana
• The use of “po” and “opo”
• Pamamanhikan
B.MORES – these are norms people
consider vital to their well-being and
most cherished values; they are
special customs with moral and ethical
significance, which held and
emphasized.
Example:
• Flag burning, murder
• Talking to oneself in public is not
considered a normal behavior.
• Nudity in public is not acceptable in
most areas.
• Picking one’s nose in public is not an
C.TABOO – refers to societal
prohibitions on certain acts which
must not done because they are not
illegal, but unethical and or
executed.

Example:
• Prohibitions against incest,
cannibalism and murder.
• Abortion
• Addiction
• Adultery
• Bestiality or Zoophilia – sexual
D. LAWS – these are formalized norms
enacted by people vested with
legitimate authority. They are group
expectation, with have formal sanction
by the state.

Sanctions are socially imposed rewards

and punishments that compel people to
obey the norms.

Example:
• The 1987 Constitution and Republic
Acts.
Values – shared ideas, right or wrong
- are culture’s standard for
discerning what is good and just in
society Values are deeply embedded
and critical for transmitting and
teaching a culture’s beliefs.