Scribd
Upload
4 views

References Foot Notes

The document outlines various referencing styles including MLA, APA, and Harvard, emphasizing the importance of adopting an acceptable system based on academic discipline. It explains the differences between citations, bibliographies, and footnotes, providing examples for each referencing style. Additionally, it highlights the need for consistency in formatting and the specific requirements for different types of sources.

Uploaded by

Sayab Dawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

References Foot Notes

The document outlines various referencing styles including MLA, APA, and Harvard, emphasizing the importance of adopting an acceptable system based on academic discipline. It explains the differences between citations, bibliographies, and footnotes, providing examples for each referencing style. Additionally, it highlights the need for consistency in formatting and the specific requirements for different types of sources.

Uploaded by

Sayab Dawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

References,

Bibliography
and Footnotes.
Referencing
style MLA, APA
and Harvard
Reference

“A citation or reference is a short note recognizing a source of


information or of a quoted passage”.

 The report should follow an academic style of referencing.


 According to Butcher (1981: 226), there are four referencing
systems from which to choose:
1. the short-title system;
2. the author–date system;
3. the reference by number system;
4. the author–number system.
 You need to adopt the one
that is acceptable to your
university and academic
discipline: ‘
 The first of these is used in
most general books,
 the second mainly in
science and social science
books;
 the third and fourth less
frequently’ (Butcher 1981:
Bibliography
A bibliography is a detailed list of sources that you
consulted or cited when creating a piece of work, such
as a research paper, book, or article.
Again, there are several well-established systems for
writing a bibliography and your choice is dependent
upon the preference of the discipline and university.

You can see the example on the next slide


There are some styles which we can use for bibliography. Styles
in bold are in the scope of our course contents.
• the Harvard system;
• the American Psychological Association (APA) system;
• the American Medical Association (AMA) system;
• the McGraw-Hill system;
• the Modern Languages Association (MLA) system;
• the footnote system.
Footnotes

Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of the page in a


piece of academic writing and indicated in the text with
superscript numbers (or sometimes letters or other
symbols).
You can insert footnotes automatically in Word or Google
Docs. They're used to provide: Citations in certain styles.
You can see the example on the next slide
Referencing Styles
American Psychological Association (APA)
 An APA in-text citation consists of the author's last name and the year
of publication (also known as the author-date system). (Smith, 2020).
 The format for citing sources can vary depending on the type of
source (book, article, website, etc.).

Journal article (APA)


Ullah, S., Ali, N., Dawar, F., Nughman, M., Rauf, M., Khattak, M., & Kim, B. (2021).
Biodegradation of petroleum by bacteria isolated from fishes of Indian Ocean. Brazilian
Journal of Biology, 82.
Book (APA)

Austin, B., & Austin, D. A. (2012). Vibrionaceae representatives. Bacterial Fish


Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish, 357-411.
Harvard
 In Harvard style, citations typically include the author's surname
and the year of publication within parentheses, e.g., (Smith, 2010).
 The full details of the source are then listed in the reference list
alphabetically by the author's surname.
 The format for citing sources can vary depending on the type of
source (book, article, website, etc.).
Journal article (Harvard)
ULLAH, S., ALI, N., DAWAR, F., NUGHMAN, M., RAUF, M., KHATTAK, M. & KIM,
B. 2021. Biodegradation of petroleum by bacteria isolated from fishes of Indian Ocean.
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.

Book (Harvard)
AUSTIN, B. & AUSTIN, D. A. 2012. Vibrionaceae representatives. Bacterial Fish
Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish, 357-411.
MLA
In MLA style, citations within the text typically include the author's last
name and the page number(s) from which the information is taken.
The format for citing sources can vary depending on the type of source
(book, article, website, etc.).

Journal article (MLA)


Ullah, S, et al. "Biodegradation of Petroleum by Bacteria Isolated from Fishes of Indian
Ocean." Brazilian Journal of Biology 82 (2021).
Book (MLA)
Austin, Brian, and Dawn A Austin. "Vibrionaceae Representatives." Bacterial Fish
Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish (2012): 357-411.

You might also like