NUMERICAL PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA:

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY,

COMPUTATIONS FOR GROUPED AND UNGROUPED
DATA

DR. ISAAC ALADENIYI, MBBS, MPH, PhD

SENIOR LECTURER
DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Learning Objectives
Describing Numerical Data

 Descriptive Statistics: This form of data analysis is commonly used

for numerical and summarizes three important characteristics of the
data
1. the scale or distribution of the data,
2. the central tendency of the data (mean, mode, & median),
3. and the spread of the data (standard deviations, range etc).
 The main function is to explore the data and give visual overview of
the tendency of the data collected or the information it is providing.
Numerical Data Presentation

 Descriptive Statistics is presented in 2 ways:

1.Frequency table
2.Visual or Diagrammatic presentation
 Charts
 Graphs
 Infographics etc
Numerical Data Summarization Using Frequency Table

 After classification of the data, the data must be summarized into a table in order to be able to
describe trends or pattern of relationships.
 This table is called a Frequency Table and the purpose of the frequency table is to provide
snapshot of the overall data collected and permit visual exploration.
 The frequency table is the most basic form of data analysis and consist of Rows and Columns.
 The column described the attribute or variables of interest as well as the frequency or number of
times of occurrence.
 The rows describe the class or categories of individuals events, which variable or attributes is
being measured.
 A frequency table could be as simple as having just two columns and could have more to measure
Relative frequency and Cumulative frequency.
 Use Sturge’s Rule K=1 +3.3log10 (n) to determine class intervals
Organization & Summarization of Ungrouped Data

Table 1: The Frequency Distribution of Health workers by Cadre in Mother & Child Hospital, Akure in 2011
Cadre Number of Personnel
Consultant 10
Medical Officer 40
Nurse/Midwife 100
Midwife 20
Pharmacist 10
Physiotherapist 5
Laboratory Scientist 20
Total 205
Organization & Summarization of Grouped Data
Table 2: Frequency Distribution of the Weight of Pregnant Women on Antenatal Care Visit
in Mother & Child Hospital, Akure in June, 2011
Weight Frequenc Relative Cumulati Cumulati
(Kg) y Frequenc ve ve
y Frequenc Frequenc
y y%
50 - 59 5 0.05 5 0.05
60 - 69 15 0.15 20 0.20
70 - 79 45 0.45 65 0.65
80 - 89 20 0.20 85 0.85
90 - 99 10 0.10 95 0.95
100 & 5 0.05 100 1.00
above
Total 100 1.00
Visual or Diagrammatic presentation of Numerical Data

 These are analytical descriptive data presentation method that display data in
the forms of graphs, charts and in recent times as infographics, introducing
pictures, icons in addition to graphs and charts to give a simplified and easily
comprehensible analysis of processed data.
 The intended outcome of gathering data determines the data visualization
method. Majorly four objectives of data analysis that informs the mode of
visualization to be used include
S/N Objectives Method of Data
Visualization
1 To determine relationship Scatter plot, Bubble charts
2 To compare with counterfactuals Bar charts, Line graphs
3 To describe distributions of events Histogram, Box plot
4 To describe composition of Events Pie chart, stacked bar chart
& stacked area bar charts
Frequency polygon

Frequency Polygon
50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
(Kg) 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79 80 - 89 90 - 99 1 0 0 & ab ove
Bar Chart

Frequency
50

45
45
40

35

30

25

20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5 5
0
(Kg) 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79 80 - 89 90 - 99 100 & above
Pie Chart

Frequency

8%
3%
50 - 59
60 - 69
70 - 79
23% 80 - 89
90 - 99
50%
100 & above
Total

10%

3%

5%
Basic Measurement of Central Tendency in
Numerical Data

• Mean
• Mode
• Median
• Percentiles
• Quartiles
• Skewness- Symmetry.
Basic Measurement of dispersion in Numerical
Data

• Variance

S2
sample variance
=
Xi= the value of the one observation
x= the mean value of all observations
n= the number of observations
Measure of Dispersion: Standard deviation
Standard deviation is the square

𝛔 =√s2
root of variance
 Example

Question: You and your friends have just measured the heights of your dogs (in millimetres):
The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and 300mm.
Find out the Mean, the Variance, and the Standard Deviation.