QUESTION

DOCUMENT
Prepared by: Aldrien Rico Sales, Rcrim.
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION

Questioned document examination (QDE) is a specialized branch of forensic science

that focuses on the analysis of documents whose authenticity, origin, or content is
disputed. The primary goal of QDE is to provide objective, scientific evidence regarding
the authorship, alterations, or forgery of documents, which can be crucial in legal,
criminal, or civil investigations.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
 A. DOCUMENTS
– Any material containing marks, symbols, or
signs that are visible or partially visible, which
may present or ultimately convey meaning to
someone. These marks may appear in the form
of pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or printing on
paper.
 KINDS OF DOCUMENTS
1. Public document – A document created, executed, or issued by a public official in response to the
demands of public service or in the execution of which a public official intervened.
2. Official document – a document issued by a public official in the exercise of the functions of their
office.
3. Private document – any deed or instrument executed by a private person without the intervention
of a notary public or any person legally authorized, by which some disposition or agreement is
evidenced or set forth.
4. Commercial document – any instrument defined and regulated by the code of commerce or other
commercial law.
5. Electronic document – a document that exists only in electronic form, such as data stored on a
computer network, back-up, archive, or other storage media.
6. Paper-based document – a document produced traditionally and manually.
PUBLIC DOCUMENT
A public document is created, executed, or issued by a public official in
response to the demands of public service or with the intervention of a
public official. These documents hold official status and are recognized as
authentic without further proof.

Example:
• Birth certificates issued by the Civil Registrar's Office.
• Marriage certificates processed by a municipal or city government.
• Land titles issued by the Registry of Deeds.
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
An official document is any document issued by a public official in the
exercise of their official functions. These documents are typically associated
with their role and duties.

Example:
• Court subpoenas issued by a judge.
• Police clearance issued by a police station.
• Certificates of employment issued by government agencies.
PRIVATE DOCUMENT
A private document is any deed or instrument executed by a private person
without the intervention of a notary public or any other legally authorized
individual. These documents usually reflect agreements or transactions
between private individuals.

Example:
• A handwritten agreement between two parties for the sale of a bicycle.
• Personal letters or contracts signed by individuals without notarization.
• A simple promissory note created between friends.
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT
A commercial document is any instrument defined and regulated by the
Code of Commerce or other commercial laws. These documents pertain to
trade, commerce, and other business transactions.
Example:
• Bills of lading used in shipping.
• Invoices issued for the purchase of goods or services.
• Letters of credit used in international trade.
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT
An electronic document exists only in electronic form and is stored on a
computer network, back-up system, archive, or other digital storage media.
These documents are increasingly common in modern transactions and
communications.

Example:
• A scanned copy of a signed contract saved as a PDF.
• An email confirming a business transaction.
• A database entry for a patient's medical records.
PAPER-BASED
DOCUMENT
A paper-based document is produced traditionally and manually, often
involving handwriting or printing. These documents are tangible and have
long been the standard method of record-keeping and communication.
Example:
• Handwritten receipts for payment.
• Printed meeting agendas for company use.
• Bound books containing legislative acts or ordinances.
B. QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT
A document is considered a questioned document when doubts
are raised regarding its origin, content, or the circumstances
surrounding its production. This suspicion may arise from
discrepancies or inconsistencies, or simply because it is contested
in a legal or investigative context.

Example:
• A disputed will alleged to have been forged.
• A signed contract that one party claims was altered after signing.
• A check suspected of having a counterfeit signature.
C. QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION / FORENSIC
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

This involves the application of scientific methods and principles to examine

documents in order to resolve legal disputes or verify authenticity. The focus is on
analyzing the materials, production methods, and writing in the document.

Example:
• Determining whether a signature on a bank loan document is genuine.
• Identifying whether an erasure has been made on a financial ledger.
• Verifying if two documents were printed from the same machine.
 D. FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINER / QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT EXAMINER

These professionals are experts in examining various aspects of

documents, such as authenticity, handwriting, ink, and paper. Their
work often involves comparing questioned documents to known
samples and testifying in court regarding their findings.

Example:
• Identifying the author of a threatening note.
• Analyzing ink to determine if a specific pen was used in a forgery.
• Comparing a typed ransom note to a suspect's typewriter or printer.
E. HOLOGRAPHIC
DOCUMENT
A holographic document is entirely written and signed by one person,
without the involvement of a third party or witness. Such documents are
often used in personal and informal contexts.

Example:
• A handwritten will left by a person on their deathbed.
• A letter of intent written and signed by the author without additional
witnesses.
F. REFERENCE
COLLECTION
A reference collection comprises materials compiled by a document
examiner to aid in resolving specific questions about documents. These
collections are tailored to include exemplars, samples, and standards for
comparison.

Example:
• A library of historical watermarks for identifying paper origins.
• A database of known fraudulent signatures for comparison.
• A collection of inks and writing instruments used for forensic ink analysis.
 G. RELATED FIELDS OF STUDY
 G. Related Fields of Study

 1. Historical Dating
Involves determining the age and value of a document or object, often through techniques like material analysis or comparison with known
historical data.
Example:
• Verifying the age of a historical manuscript through carbon dating.
• Authenticating a letter claimed to have been written during World War II.
 2. Fraud Investigation
Focuses on uncovering the financial trail and intent behind fraudulent activities. This often involves analyzing documents to detect falsifications or
irregularities.
Example:
• Tracing altered invoices in a corporate fraud case.
• Investigating false tax returns to uncover embezzlement.
 3. Paper and Ink Specialists
Experts who analyze the physical and chemical properties of paper and ink to identify their source, age, or authenticity.
Example:
• Determining whether a document's ink matches the time period of its alleged creation.
• Identifying watermarks on a forged currency note.
G. RELATED FIELDS OF
STUDY
 4. Forgery Specialists
These experts detect alterations, obliterations, and other forms of tampering in documents
and photos. They use tools like infrared lighting and chemical tests.
Example:
• Analyzing a contract to uncover erased text.

• Identifying a fake passport by examining subtle alterations in print.

 5. Handwriting Analysis
Psychologists or graphologists who assess personality traits or behaviors based on
handwriting. They are also involved in forensic contexts to identify authorship.
Example:
• Profiling a suspect's emotional state based on their handwriting in threatening letters.

• Distinguishing between genuine and forged handwriting.

G. RELATED FIELDS OF
STUDY
 6. Forensic Stylistics
Focuses on analyzing the linguistic features of documents, such as syntax, vocabulary, and phrasing, to identify authorship or detect
inconsistencies.
Example:
• Comparing the phrasing in an anonymous email with a suspect’s known writing style.
• Detecting inconsistent word choices in a fraudulent contract.
 7. Typewriting Analysis
Experts in identifying the make and model of a typewriter used to create a document. This field is particularly relevant in historical and fraud
investigations.
Example:
• Verifying if a ransom note was typed using a specific typewriter.
• Matching typewritten correspondence to a suspect's machine.
 8. Computer Crime Investigation
Specialists in digital forensics who investigate crimes involving computers, including document creation, modification, and storage.
Example:
• Tracing the origin of a counterfeit document saved on a computer.
• Identifying edits made to a digital file.
 9. Imprint Examination
Examines marks or impressions left on documents, often from manual, mechanical, or electronic devices. This includes counterfeiting
investigations.
Example:
• Identifying the make of a printing press used to produce counterfeit money.
• Examining impressions on a blank paper found beneath a written note.
REFERENCES
● Koppenhaver, Katherine. (2007). Forensic document examination: Principles and
practice. 10.1007/978-1-59745-301-1.
● Michael, Allen. Foundations of Forensic Document Analysis: Theory and Practice.
Wiley Blackwell, 2016.
● Osborn, Albert S. Questioned Documents, a Study of Questioned Documents with an
Outline of Methods by Which the Facts May Be Discovered and Shown, by Albert S.
Osborn, ... With an Introduction by Professor John H. Wigmore, ..​N.Y., 1910.
● SWGDOC Terminology Relating to the Examination of Questioned Documents
GET ¼ YELLOW PAD
1. What is the primary goal of questioned document
examination (QDE)? 6. A disputed will that is suspected to have been forged
A) To authenticate the author of a document. would be considered a:
B) To analyze the content of a document for grammatical •A) Paper-based document
errors. •B) Public document
C) To provide objective, scientific evidence regarding the •C) Questioned document
authorship, alterations, or forgery of documents. •D) Official document
D) To enhance the document’s quality for official use. 7. Which of the following experts is responsible for
2. What type of document is created, executed, or identifying the origin, age, or authenticity of a document's
issued by a public official in response to public paper or ink?
service demands? •A) Forgery specialist
A) Official document •B) Paper and ink specialist
B) Private document •C) Handwriting analyst
C) Public document •D) Forensic stylist
D) Commercial document 8. In questioned document examination, a reference
3. A handwritten will left by a person on their
collection is used for:
deathbed is an example of which type of document?
•A) Comparing questioned documents to known samples and
A) Holographic document
standards.
B) Public document
•B) Storing historical documents for preservation.
C) Private document
•C) Determining the legal status of a document.
D) Official document
•D) Identifying the financial value of documents.
4. Which of the following is NOT an example of a
commercial document? 9. What is an example of a related field of study in
A) Invoices issued for the purchase of goods questioned document examination?
B) Bills of lading used in shipping •A) Forensic Stylistics
C) Court subpoenas issued by a judge •B) Geology
D) Letters of credit used in international trade •C) Medicine
5. What does forensic document examination •D) Astronomy
primarily focus on? 10. What is the role of a questioned document examiner?
A) Verifying the grammar of a document. •A) To authenticate documents only.
B) Analyzing the materials, production methods, and •B) To compare questioned documents to known samples and
writing of the document. testify in court.
C) Authenticating the emotional state of the writer. •C) To determine the legal purpose of documents.
KEY ANSWER

1. C) To provide objective, scientific evidence regarding the authorship, alterations, or forgery of documents.
2. C) Public document
3. A) Holographic document
4. C) Court subpoenas issued by a judge
5. B) Analyzing the materials, production methods, and writing of the document.
6. C) Questioned document
7. B) Paper and ink specialist
8. A) Comparing questioned documents to known samples and standards.
9. A) Forensic Stylistics
10. B) To compare questioned documents to known samples and testify in court.
TOPIC 2: HANDWRITING
IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION
HANDWRITING

Handwriting is the product of a complex series of coordinated mental and
muscular actions. It reflects a unique combination of visible habits
developed over time through deliberate effort and practice. Handwriting
can serve as an identifier of an individual’s personality, educational
background, and even emotional state.

Example:
• Personal handwriting can reveal characteristics like a person's consistency,
attention to detail, and physical conditions (e.g., trembling handwriting due
to illness).
COPYBOOK FORM
Copybook form refers to the standard handwriting style taught in schools,
typically through the use of copybooks or handwriting instruction guides.
This foundational style serves as the starting point for a person’s
handwriting before it evolves into a more individualistic form over time.
Example:
• Students learning cursive handwriting by copying letters from a standard
guidebook during their elementary years.
 IMPORTANCE OF COPYBOOK FORM

1.The Nationality of the Writer

The handwriting taught in schools often reflects cultural or national styles, helping to identify the writer’s nationality.
Example:
•In France, students learn a distinct cursive style, while American schools traditionally teach a different cursive or print style.

2.The System Learned

The specific system or method of handwriting instruction can help determine the writer's educational background.
Example:
•The Palmer Method or the Zaner-Bloser Method in the U.S. indicates the writing system used during certain historical periods.

3.The Date When the Writing Was Acquired

Handwriting evolves over time, and the style taught in schools often reflects the era during which the writer received instruction.
Example:
•Older generations may exhibit flourishing loops in their cursive letters, reflecting earlier teaching styles that have since fallen out of use.

4.Influences That Have Surrounded the Writer

Personal handwriting is influenced by the writer’s exposure to other styles, including those of family members, peers, or professional
environments.
Example:
•A writer’s script may show a blend of their taught handwriting style and the influence of a parent’s or teacher’s handwriting.
1. Brain (Central Control)
•The process begins with cognitive input from the 4. Muscles (Fine Motor Control)
brain, which plans and coordinates writing •Lumbricals: Help in flexing the fingers for
movements. gripping the writing instrument.
•The motor cortex signals precise muscle •Extensor and Flexor Muscles: Work in
movements required
2. Spinal Cord for forming
(Signal letters and
Conduction) tandem to move the fingers and wrist during
maintaining control.
•The brain sends motor signals through the writing.
spinal cord to the muscles involved in •These muscles ensure precision and control,
handwriting. adapting pressure and speed as needed.
•Sensory feedback from the fingers and hand 5. Feedback Loop (Continuous
travels back to the brain, creating a loop for Adjustment)
3. Finger, Wrist, Elbow, and Shoulder (Primary
adjustment. •A feedback system involving the brain,
Movements) nervous system, and muscles continuously
•These joints work together to enable fluid writing
adjusts movements based on visual and tactile
motions. input.
•The fingers provide precision and grip for forming •This loop refines handwriting and corrects
letters, while the wrist and elbow facilitate errors in real-time.
movement across the writing surface.
•The shoulder stabilizes and supports the arm for
DEVELOPMENT OF
HANDWRITING
1.Drawing Stage
The earliest phase where handwriting resembles drawing or sketching, as children learn to control their
hands and imitate letters.
Example: A child practicing letters by copying them from a book, with inconsistent shapes and sizes.
2.Adolescence Stage/Manner of Execution
This stage involves the refinement of handwriting, influenced by the writer's personality, motor skills,
and learned techniques. The writer develops a personal style and gains fluency.
Example: A student’s handwriting becomes more consistent in size and spacing as they mature.
3.Stage of Subject Matter
At this stage, handwriting reflects the writer’s focus on the content rather than the form. The writer
prioritizes speed and efficiency over aesthetic appeal.
Example: Quick note-taking during a lecture, where legibility may be sacrificed for speed.
4.Stage of Degeneration
Handwriting begins to deteriorate due to factors like age, health issues, or lack of practice. Physical
limitations may also affect the legibility and consistency of writing.
Example: An elderly person’s handwriting showing shaky or uneven strokes due to declining motor
skills.
 STYLES OF
HANDWRITING
1.Printed
Writing in separate letters, similar to typewritten text.
Example: Block-style handwriting often used for filling forms or
addressing envelopes.
2.Cursive
Writing in a continuous flow, where letters are connected.
Example: A flowing signature or a note written in cursive script.
3.Print-Writing
A hybrid style combining elements of printed and cursive writing.
Example: Writing where letters are disconnected but have a smooth,
cursive-like form.
 SIGNATURE

 A signature is a personal mark or sign made by an individual to authenticate a document, indicating agreement,
approval, or obligation.

 Types of Signature

1.Handwritten Signature
A traditional signature made with pen or pencil.
Example: Signing a contract with your name written in cursive or print.
2.Electronic Signature
A digital equivalent of a handwritten signature, often used in online transactions.
Example: Clicking "I Agree" or using a stylus to sign on a tablet.
3.Autopen Signature
A mechanical reproduction of a person’s signature using a machine.
Example: Politicians or executives authorizing documents with an autopen.
4.Stamp Signature
A pre-made rubber stamp with the individual’s signature.
Example: Used for routine approvals, like stamping payroll checks.
5.Guided Signature
A signature made with assistance, often for individuals with physical disabilities.
Example: A person guiding the hand of an elderly individual to help them sign a document.
6.Model Signature
A forged signature created by imitating an original.
Example: A fraudster copying someone’s signature to forge a check.
IMPORTANCE OF
SIGNATURE
1.Evidence
1. Serves as proof of identity and agreement in legal or financial matters.
Example: A signed will can be used in court to validate the testator's intentions.
2.Ceremony
1. Represents the official completion of a process or agreement.
Example: Signing a peace treaty during an international summit.
3.Approval
1. Indicates consent, acceptance, or acknowledgment of a document’s contents.
Example: Signing an employment contract to agree to the terms.
4.Efficiency and Logistics
1. Simplifies documentation processes by serving as a recognizable mark of
approval.
Example: A manager signing off on multiple invoices to authorize payments.
GET ¼ YELLOW PAD
1.What does handwriting reflect about an individual? 6. What is a key feature of the “stage of degeneration”
1. A) Their height and weight in handwriting development?
2. B) Their personal habits, personality, and emotional state A) The handwriting becomes neat and uniform.
3. C) Their age and gender B) Handwriting deteriorates due to age, health issues, or
4. D) Their preferred color scheme lack of practice.
2.What is the copybook form? C) Handwriting is perfect and consistent.
1. A) A type of paper used for exams D) Handwriting remains unchanged over time.
2. B) The standard handwriting style taught in schools 7. Which style of handwriting is characterized by letters
3. C) A system for identifying forgeries that are connected in a continuous flow?
4. D) A machine used for handwriting analysis A) Printed
3.How does handwriting serve to identify an individual’s B) Cursive
nationality? C) Print-Writing
1. A) Handwriting is influenced by cultural or national styles D) Block-style
taught in schools. 8. What is a handwritten signature typically used for?
2. B) Handwriting is universal, regardless of culture. A) To indicate agreement or approval of a document
3. C) Only cursive handwriting can be traced to nationality. B) To decorate a document
4. D) Handwriting cannot indicate nationality. C) To make a document unreadable
4.Which handwriting system in the U.S. was commonly D) To categorize documents by date
used during earlier historical periods? 9. What type of signature is made using a machine to
1. A) The Palmer Method replicate an individual’s signature?
2. B) The Zaner-Bloser Method A) Electronic Signature
3. C) The Modern Writing System B) Autopen Signature
4. D) Both A and B C) Guided Signature
5.In the development of handwriting, what characterizes D) Model Signature
the “drawing stage”? 10. Which of the following is NOT a type of signature
1. A) Handwriting becomes consistent and legible. discussed in the material?
2. B) The handwriting closely resembles drawing or •A) Autopen Signature
sketching as children learn to control their hands. •B) Stamp Signature
3. C) The handwriting is highly structured and perfect. •C) Digital Signature
4. D) There is no development at this stage. •D) Signature of Authenticity
ANSWER KEY:
1.B
2.B
3.A
4.D
5.B
6.B
7.B
8.A
9.B
10.C
TOPIC 3: BASIS OF HANDWRITING
AND SIGNATURE ANALYSIS

Handwriting and signature analysis are

essential forensic techniques used in various
legal, criminal, and business contexts. These
methods rely on the principles that
handwriting is unique to each individual and
that signatures, often used as forms of
authentication, can reveal significant insights
about a person’s identity, behavior, and
intentions.
INTRODUCTION TO HANDWRITING
AND SIGNATURE ANALYSIS

 Handwriting analysis, also known as graphology, is the

study of an individual’s handwriting style, including letter
formation, spacing, slant, pressure, and overall structure.
Signature analysis, on the other hand, specifically examines
the features of a person's signature, often used for
verifying authenticity in documents like contracts, wills, or
financial transactions.
 Forensic document examiners use these techniques to
determine the genuineness of signatures and handwriting,
assess potential forgeries, and identify individuals who may
have written particular documents.
BASIS OF HANDWRITING
ANALYSIS
 Handwriting analysis is grounded in several principles:

• Uniqueness: Just as no two people have identical fingerprints, no two individuals have
the same handwriting. Handwriting is influenced by factors such as motor skills,
personality, and personal habits.
• Consistency: While an individual's handwriting may show variations due to different
writing tools or emotional states, core characteristics remain consistent over time.
Forensic document examiners look for these unique features that are consistent across
different samples.
• Individual Characteristics: These include stroke patterns, pressure applied while
writing, slant, line quality, spacing, and letter formation. Even seemingly subtle
differences can be important indicators for analysis.
 The scientific basis of handwriting analysis lies in the understanding of how a person’s
brain and motor skills influence writing. The unique muscle movements involved in
writing are believed to be like a “fingerprint,” a physical manifestation of an individual’s
neurological and psychological makeup.
BASIS OF SIGNATURE
ANALYSIS
 Signatures are often used as a personal mark to validate documents. Signature analysis
involves assessing the design, form, and movement in a person’s signature to determine its
authenticity or detect potential forgery. Important factors considered in signature analysis
include:
• Size and Proportion: A person’s signature often varies in size and proportion. The size and
flow can indicate their level of confidence, formality, or familiarity with the document.
• Speed and Fluidity: The speed at which a signature is made is also crucial. A genuine
signature is often fluid and executed with a specific speed, while forgeries may exhibit
shakiness or hesitation.
• Pressure: The pressure exerted during the signing process is assessed. Forgeries may lack
the pressure consistency present in the original signature.
• Consistency: Signature consistency is important when verifying authenticity. Small
inconsistencies may be acceptable due to natural variation, but larger deviations or
irregularities can indicate potential forgery.
 The study of signatures relies heavily on understanding both individual psychology and the
physical mechanics of writing.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
HANDWRITING AND SIGNATURE ANALYSIS

• Forgery Detection: Handwriting and signature analysis are crucial in

detecting forged documents in criminal investigations, corporate fraud, and
other legal contexts.
• Establishing Identity: In cases where the identity of the writer is
questioned, handwriting analysis can be used to compare samples to
known handwriting samples.
• Assessing Mental and Emotional States: Handwriting can sometimes
reveal clues about the writer's psychological state. For example, excessive
pressure might suggest stress, while erratic handwriting might be linked to
instability or impulsiveness.
• Legal Proceedings: Handwriting and signature analysis are often used in
legal cases to determine the authenticity of contracts, wills, and other
important documents.
CONCLUSION
Handwriting and signature analysis are indispensable tools in forensic
science and legal contexts, providing valuable insight into identity
verification, document authenticity, and even psychological traits. The
scientific basis for these analyses is built upon the understanding that
writing is a highly individualized and consistent activity, which can be used
for a variety of investigative purposes. While these techniques are not
infallible, they continue to evolve, helping law enforcement and legal
professionals safeguard against fraud and make informed decisions.
PRINCIPLES OF HANDWRITING
ANALYSIS

Handwriting analysis relies on several core principles that guide the

identification and verification of handwriting. These principles form the
foundation for determining the uniqueness and authenticity of a writing
sample, and they help forensic document examiners distinguish between
genuine and forged documents. Below are the key principles:
1. NO TWO WRITERS WRITE EXACTLY
ALIKE

Each person’s handwriting is unique due

to the intricate interaction of various
factors such as motor skills, personality,
and environmental influences. Even if two
people attempt to write in the same style,
their handwriting will always exhibit
distinct features that set them apart.
2. THE PHYSICAL WRITING CONDITION AND POSITION OF THE
PERSON MAY AFFECT THE HANDWRITING CHARACTERISTICS,
BUT THEY DO NOT CONFINE ALL ITS IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS

 The physical conditions under which someone

writes (e.g., posture, surface, writing
instrument) can influence the appearance of
handwriting. However, these factors do not
eliminate the unique characteristics that
define a person’s writing. For instance,
someone writing in an uncomfortable position
may still maintain consistent features such as
letter shape or slant that can be identified.
3. A WRITER CANNOT EXCEED HIS MAXIMUM
WRITING ABILITY OR SKILL WITHOUT SERIOUS
EFFORT AND TRAINING APPLIED OVER A PERIOD
OF TIME

A person’s handwriting reflects their

natural skill and abilities, and it cannot
drastically change without extensive
practice or training. Handwriting analysis
takes into account the inherent limits of a
person’s writing capabilities and the
natural consistency of their style.
4. THE COMBINATION OF HANDWRITING CHARACTERISTICS,
INCLUDING THOSE DERIVED FROM FORM AND WRITING
MOVEMENTS, ARE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF IDENTIFICATION

 Handwriting consists of various elements like the

form of individual letters, the spacing between
words, slant, pressure, and the overall fluidity of
writing. The combination of these features,
rather than any single characteristic, plays a
crucial role in identifying the writer. Writing
movements—such as the direction and speed of
strokes—are also significant in distinguishing
one person’s handwriting from another's.
5. INDIVIDUALITY IN HANDWRITING CAN ONLY BE
DETERMINED THROUGH COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION WITH
THE STANDARD WRITTEN OR PREPARED UNDER COMPARABLE
CONDITIONS

 To confirm the individuality of handwriting, the

sample must be compared with a standard
sample from the writer. The conditions under
which both samples are written must be
similar to ensure an accurate comparison.
Variations in the writing environment or
instruments used could affect the results, so
the comparison must be made under
comparable conditions.
6. SIMILARITY DOES NOT MEAN
IDENTITY

 While two writing samples may appear similar,

this does not necessarily mean they were
written by the same person. Similarities alone
are insufficient for definitive identification; a
more in-depth analysis is required to
determine whether they share enough unique
characteristics to be considered identical.
7. COMPLETE IDENTITY MEANS
DEFINITE FORGERY

 If handwriting exhibits complete identity—

meaning that every characteristic matches
perfectly—it is likely a case of forgery. In
genuine handwriting, natural variations and
inconsistencies are expected. If two samples
show no variations whatsoever, it is often an
indication that the second sample was
deliberately mimicked or forged.
8. A WRITING WAS WRITTEN BY ONE PERSON WHEN THERE IS A
SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF IDENTICAL WRITING HABITS AND
IDENTICAL PRIMARY CONTROLLING CHARACTERISTICS AND, IN
ADDITION, THE ABSENCE OF DIVERGENT CHARACTERISTICS

For handwriting to be attributed to a single

person, there must be a sufficient number of
matching characteristics, such as consistent
letter forms, slant, pressure, and movement.
Additionally, there should be a lack of
contradictory or divergent characteristics
(e.g., an odd letter form or unnatural
pressure) that would suggest a different
writer.
9. A WRITING WAS NOT WRITTEN BY ONE PERSON WHEN
THERE IS A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF DIVERGENT WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE ABSENCE OF IDENTICAL PRIMARY
CONTROLLING CHARACTERISTICS

Conversely, when handwriting shows

significant differences—such as varying letter
shapes, slants, or pressures—and lacks
consistent features, it is unlikely that both
samples were written by the same person. The
presence of divergent characteristics without
matching primary features suggests the
handwriting was produced by different
individuals.
CONCLUSION
 These principles form the backbone of
handwriting analysis, ensuring that forensic
examiners can make accurate and informed
judgments about the authenticity of a
document or signature. By carefully studying
and comparing various handwriting features,
experts can identify or rule out potential
forgeries, contributing to legal investigations,
business practices, and other important fields.
GET ¼ YELLOW PAD
1. What is the main reason why no two writers write exactly alike? 7. What is a sign that handwriting samples may have come from a
forgery?
a) Different writing instruments
b) Handwriting is unique due to factors like motor skills, personality, and environmental
a) A high degree of natural variation between samples
influences b) Complete identity in every handwriting characteristic
c) Variations in paper quality c) Minor inconsistencies in letter spacing
d) Differences in the speed of writing
d) The writer is known to have consistent handwriting
2. Which of the following is true regarding the physical writing conditions
and their impact on handwriting characteristics?

a) Physical conditions like posture and surface have no effect on handwriting.

8. A writing is considered to be from one person when:
b) Writing instruments do not affect handwriting. a) The samples show a sufficient number of divergent writing characteristics
c) Physical conditions may affect handwriting, but do not eliminate identifying features.
b) There are identical writing habits and primary characteristics with no
d) The environment in which handwriting is done is the only factor affecting writing
divergent characteristics
characteristics.
c) The samples exhibit complete inconsistency in letter shapes
3. A writer cannot exceed their maximum writing ability or skill without: d) The writing is performed under different conditions
a) Training under stressful conditions
b) Serious effort and training applied over a long period of time
c) A change in the writing instrument 9. When can handwriting be confidently said to not belong to one
d) External influences such as lighting person?

4. What is essential for identifying a writer through handwriting analysis? a) When there are consistent writing habits and no divergent characteristics
b) When the samples share a sufficient number of primary controlling
a) The form of individual letters only
b) A combination of handwriting characteristics, including form, movement, and
characteristics
pressure c) When there is a sufficient number of divergent writing characteristics and
c) The color of the ink used no matching primary characteristics
d) The size of the paper d) When the writing has a perfect form with no natural variations

5. How can individuality in handwriting be determined?

a) By comparing handwriting samples written under any condition 10. What does "complete identity" in handwriting analysis usually
b) By using only a single sample of handwriting from the writer indicate?
c) Through comparative examination with a standard written under comparable
a) A genuine signature
ANSWER
 Answer Key:

1.b
2.c
3.b
4.b
5.c
6.c
7.b
8.b
9.c
10.c
TOPIC 4: TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION AND
EXAMINATION

 Objectives
 A. Identify the different elements of handwriting and stroke.
B. Understand the terminologies relevant in handwriting analysis and
examination.
C. Illustrate and describe the different characteristics in handwriting and
stroke structures.
 KEY TERMINOLOGIES
1.Alignment – The relation of parts of the whole writing or line of individual letters in words to the
baseline.
2.Angular Form – Sharp, straight strokes made by stopping one direction and changing before
continuing.
3.Arcade Forms – Forms that look like arches; rounded on top and open at the bottom.
4.Bow – The curved stroke in a letter or character resembling the bow of an arrow, aligned vertically.
5.Collation – Side-by-side comparison.
6.Comparison – Setting two or more items side by side to weigh their identifying qualities.
7.Dextral – Pertaining to the right hand.
8.Disguised Writing – Altering writing habits deliberately to hide identity.
9.Down Strokes – The movement of the pen toward the writer.
10.Form – The writer’s chosen writing style.
11.Garland Forms – Cup-like connected forms, open at the top and rounded at the bottom.
12.Gestalt – Meaning "complete" or "whole."
 KEY TERMINOLOGIES
13. Graphoanalysis – The study of handwriting based on fundamental strokes (curves and straight
strokes).
14. Graphometry – Analysis, comparison, and measurement of handwriting.
15. Graphology – The art of determining character traits from handwriting.
16. Hand Lettering – Disconnected writing where each letter is written separately.
17. Left-Handed Writing – Writing executed using the left hand.
18. Letter Space – The space left between letters.
19. Line Direction – The movement or alignment of the baseline.
20. Line Quality – Overall character of the ink lines from beginning to end strokes.
21. Line Space – The space left between lines.
22. Manuscript Writing – Disconnected script or semi-script writing.
23. Margins – Space left around writing on all sides.
24. Movement – Patterns of hand or finger action during writing.
MOVEMENTS IN
HANDWRITING
• Finger Movement – Motion of the thumb, first, second, and slightly the
third finger.
• Hand Movement – Movement involving the whole hand with the wrist as
the center.
• Forearm Movement – Motion involving the shoulder, hand, and arm
supported by a table.
• Whole-Arm Movement – Entire arm movement without resting.
KEY TERMINOLOGIES
25. Natural Writing – Writing executed normally without any attempt to alter habits or quality.
26. Natural Variation – Usual deviations found between repeated specimens of individual handwriting.
27. Pen Emphasis – Forcing the pen intermittently against the paper surface.
28. Pen Hold – The way the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and its angle.
29. Pen Position – Relationship between the pen point and the paper.
30. Pen Pressure – The average force with which the pen contacts the paper.
31. Print Script – A combination of printing and cursive writing.
32. Proportion and Ratio – Relation between tall and short letters.
33. Quality – Distinct identifying factors related to writing movement.
34. Rhythm – The element of writing movement marked by regular or periodic recurrence.
35. Shading – Widening of ink strokes due to added pressure.
KEY TERMINOLOGIES
36. Significant Writing Habit – Unique characteristics in handwriting serving as identification points.
37. Simplification – Eliminating extra strokes from the copybook form.
38. Size – Dimensions of handwriting components.
39. Skill – Evidence of the writer’s proficiency in writing.
40. Slope/Slant – The angle or inclination of letters relative to the baseline.
41. Speed of Writing – Personal pace at which the writer’s pen moves.
42. Thread Form – Indefinite, flat, and wavy connective strokes.
43. Variation – Process of change in handwriting elements.
44. Word Space – Space between words.
45. Writing Conditions – Circumstances influencing the writing execution.
46. Writing Habits – Repeated elements in one’s handwriting.
47. Writing Impulse – Pen movement across the page until lifted.
48. Wrong-Handed Writing – Writing executed using the non-dominant hand.
49. Reprographic Examination – Examination of photocopies, facsimiles, and similar documents.
50. Rubric or Embellishment – Decorative strokes in handwriting.
TERMINOLOGIES
CONCERNING STROKE
CHARACTERISTICS
1. ARC – A curved form inside the top loop (e.g., letters "h," "m," "n").
2. ARCH – Arcade form found in letters.
3. ASCENDER – Top portion or upper loop of a letter.
4. APEX – Uppermost point of a character.
5. BASELINE – Ruled or imaginary line where writing rests.
6. BEADED – Embellished initial strokes, often in capital letters.
7. BEARD – Rudimentary initial upstroke of a letter.
8. BLUNT – Beginning and ending strokes without hesitation.
9. BOWL – Fully rounded oval or circular form in letters like “o.”
10. BUCKLE – A loop added to letters (e.g., "k" or "A").
TERMINOLOGIES
CONCERNING STROKE
CHARACTERISTICS
11. CACOGRAPHY – Poor or illegible writing.
12. CALLIGRAPHY – Art of beautiful writing.
13. CONNECTING STROKE – Line joining two adjacent characters.
14. CROSS STROKE – Stroke crossing another part of the character.
15. DESCENDER – Lower portion of a letter opposite the ascender.
16. DIACRITIC – Crosses (e.g., "t") and dots (e.g., "i" or "j").
17. DRAG STROKE – Stroke caused by incomplete lifting of the pen.
18. EYELET – Small loop formed inside letters.
19. FOOT – Lower part of the letter resting on the baseline.
20. HESITATION – Irregular ink thickening from slowing or stopping.
21. HOOK – Minute curve at the end of a stroke.
22. INDENTATION – Latent or visible impressions on paper.
23. KNOB – Extra ink deposit at initial or terminal strokes.
24. LIGATURE – Stroke connecting parts of letters.
25. LONG LETTER – Letters with both upper and lower loops.
TERMINOLOGIES
CONCERNING STROKE
CHARACTERISTICS
26. OVAL – Oval-shaped portions of letters.
27. PATCHING – Retouching strokes.
28. PEN LIFT – Interruption in strokes due to lifting the pen.
29. RETRACE – Overlapping strokes in letters.
30. SPUR – Short initial or terminal stroke.
31. TICK – Short strokes at the top of letters.
32. TREMOR – Irregular shaky strokes, often due to fraud or weakness.
33. WHIRL – Long upward stroke of an ascender.
34. FEATHERING – Spreading of ink on paper.
35. GRADUATED SHADING – Gradual increase/decrease in stroke shading.
GET ½ LENGTH TWICE
 QUIZ: HANDWRITING ANALYSIS
TERMINOLOGIES
 Part 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the term for the angle or inclination of letters relative to the baseline?
Part 2: True or False
a. Alignment 6.Tremor refers to short strokes
b. Slope/Slant
c. Line Direction found at the top of letters.
d. Simplification
2. Which movement involves the thumb, first, second, and slightly the third finger?
a. Whole-Arm Movement
7.Garland Forms are arch-like
b. Finger Movement structures rounded at the top and
c. Forearm Movement
d. Hand Movement
open at the bottom.
3. The curved stroke in a letter or character resembling the bow of an arrow is called:
a. Hook 8.Beard is the rudimentary initial
b. Bow
c. Arch upstroke of a letter.
d. Bearded
4. What is the term for a fully rounded oval or circular form in letters like "o"? 9.Natural Variation refers to usual
a. Apex
b. Bowl deviations in handwriting specimens.
c. Arc
d. Buckle
5. Which of the following describes the study of handwriting to determine character 10.Simplification refers to adding
traits? extra strokes to the copybook form of
a. Graphometry
b. Graphology a letter.
c. Graphoanalysis
d. Reprographic Examination
 Part 3: Fill in the Blanks

11.The term "_____" refers to latent or visible impressions left on paper from
writing pressure.
12.A stroke crossing another part of the character is called a "_____ stroke."
13.The term "_____" describes the motion involving the shoulder, hand, and arm
supported by a table.
14."_____" refers to a decorative stroke added to handwriting, often seen in
fancy capital letters.
15.The term "_____" describes the small loop formed inside letters like "a" or "d."

 Part
: 4
Column A Column B
16. Manuscript Writing a. Dimensions of handwriting components
b. Disconnected script or semi-script
17. Line Space
writing
18. Shading c. Space between lines of text
d. Widening of ink strokes due to added
19. Size
pressure
e. Writing executed using the non-
20. Wrong-Handed Writing
dominant hand
PART 5: SHORT ANSWER
21.Define "Natural Writing" and provide an example.
22.Explain the difference between "Print Script" and "Manuscript Writing."
23.What is "Rubric or Embellishment," and how can it be identified in
handwriting?
24.Describe "Significant Writing Habit" and its importance in handwriting
analysis.
25.What does the term "Line Quality" refer to in handwriting?
ANSWER KEY
 Part 1 Part 3
11. Indentation
1.b
12. Cross
2.b 13. Forearm Movement
14. Rubric or Embellishment
3.b
15. Eyelet
4.b
Part 4
5.b
16. b
 Part 2 17. c
6. False 18. d
7. False 19. a
8. True 20. e
9. True
10. False Part 5
Ask me
TOPIC 5: CHARACTERISTICS OF
HANDWRITING
 Objectives: A. Differentiate the various characteristics appearing in
handwriting.
B. Understand the importance of individual characteristics in handwriting
analysis.
TYPES OF
CHARACTERISTICS:
1.General Characteristics: Habits that are part of the basic writing system.
2.National Characteristics: Common features in a country's writing system
that induce class characteristics unique to its people, differing from other
countries.
3.Accidental Characteristics: Isolated, brief, or temporary digressions from
normal writing practices observed in writing standards.
4.Individual Characteristics: Characteristics resulting from the writer’s
muscular control, coordination, age, health, nervousness, temperament,
frequency, personality, and character. These can be:
1. Permanent
2. Common or usual
3. Occasional
4. Rare
 POINTS IN
IDENTIFICATION:
1. Writing Movement: Refers to the flow and direction of the strokes in the handwriting. It
examines how smoothly and continuously the writer moves their pen.
2. Form and Design of Letters: Looks at the shapes, curves, and overall design of letters. It
involves analyzing the unique way individuals form characters.
3. Muscular Control and Motor Control: Refers to the writer's ability to control the pen through
fine motor skills, impacting the precision and consistency of strokes.
4. Loose Writing: Writing that appears free-flowing, relaxed, and less rigid.\n
5. Restrained Writing: Writing that is more controlled, deliberate, and structured.
6. Motor Coordination: Examines the synchronization between the brain and hand movements,
reflecting the writer’s motor skills and level of dexterity.
7. Shading: Refers to the variation in stroke darkness, influenced by pressure applied on the pen.
8. Alignment: The way the writing aligns on the page, such as consistency with margins, baseline
adherence, and whether the text slants upward, downward, or remains level.
9. Pen Pressure: Analyzes how hard the writer presses the pen on the paper, which can affect the
depth and boldness of the strokes.
POINTS IN
IDENTIFICATION:
10. Connection: Looks at how letters are connected or separated, such as whether the writing is cursive or uses
distinct individual characters.
11. Pen Hold: The manner in which the writer holds their pen, which can influence stroke angles and pressure.
12. Skill: Refers to the writer’s overall proficiency in handwriting, reflected in smoothness, uniformity, and legibility.
13. Rhythm: The natural cadence or pattern in the writer's strokes, indicating the regularity and flow of their writing.
14. Disconnections or Pen Lifts Between Letters: Examines how often the writer lifts the pen between letters or
words, affecting the flow of the handwriting.
15. Speed: Refers to how quickly the writer moves the pen across the paper, influencing stroke length and smoothness.
16. Slant as a Writing Habit: Analyzes the inclination of letters, whether they tilt forward (right), backward (left), or
remain upright.
17. Proportion of Letters as an Individual Characteristic or Habit: Examines the relative size and spacing of letters
and words, reflecting personal tendencies.
18. Quality of Strokes/Line Quality: Focuses on the consistency and clarity of strokes, such as whether they are
smooth, jagged, thick, or thin.
19. Variation: Refers to the natural differences in letter formation due to context, speed, or other factors, which still
remain within the writer's identifiable range.
TOPIC 5
CHARACTERISTICS OF
HANDWRITING
 TYPES OF
1.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. General Characteristics
These refer to the basic habits or patterns commonly found in a specific writing system.
2. Example: The direction of writing (left-to-right or right-to-left), the general shape of letters, and spacing rules.
2. National Characteristics
1. These are features commonly shared by people who use the same national writing system.
2. Such characteristics make the handwriting of individuals from one country distinct from others.
3. Example: The way letters are formed in cursive writing in English differs from cursive styles in other languages like Arabic or Chinese.
3. Accidental Characteristics
1. These are temporary or unusual variations in handwriting that deviate from the writer’s usual style.
2. They may happen unintentionally and are not part of the writer's standard habits.
3. Example: Sloppy handwriting due to fatigue, writing on an uneven surface, or using a faulty pen.
4. Individual Characteristics
1. These are unique traits that make a person's handwriting distinctive, influenced by factors like:
1. Muscle control and coordination
2. Age and health
3. Personality and nervous temperament
4. Frequency of writing

5. Categories of Individual Characteristics:

1. Permanent: Consistent and stable traits that are always present in the writer's handwriting.
Example: A specific way of forming loops in letters like "g" or "y".
2. Common or Usual: Traits that frequently occur in the writer's style.
Example: A consistent slant to the right in the handwriting.
3. Occasional: Traits that show up only sometimes, depending on conditions.
Example: Pressing harder on the paper when stressed.
4. Rare: Traits that are uncommon and appear under specific or unusual circumstances.
Example: Unusual shapes in letters when writing in extreme weather conditions.
POINTS IN IDENTIFICATION
OF HANDWRITING
1. Writing Movement
 The way the pen flows and moves while writing.
 Example: Smooth, jagged, or inconsistent motion.
2. Form and Design of Letters
 The shape and structure of individual letters.
1. Example: Rounded, angular, or uniquely formed letters.

3. Muscular and Motor Control

 The writer's ability to control pen movements, which can result in:
 Loose Writing: Relaxed, free-flowing strokes.
 Restrained Writing: Tight, controlled, and deliberate strokes.
 Motor Coordination: How well the brain and hand work together to produce writing.

4. Shading
 Differences in stroke thickness caused by varying pen pressure.
 Example: Thick, bold lines versus thin, light lines.
5. Alignment
 How writing is positioned relative to the baseline or margins.
 Example: Writing that slants upward or downward on a line.
6. Pen Pressure
• The amount of force applied while writing, which affects stroke depth and
intensity.
• Example: Deep indentations on the paper versus barely visible strokes.
7. Connection
• The way letters are linked together or separated.
• Example: Fully connected cursive versus individual block letters.
8. Pen Hold
• How the writer grips the pen, which can influence the writing style.
• Example: A loose grip producing relaxed writing versus a tight grip creating
stiff strokes.
9. Skill
• The level of expertise or proficiency displayed in handwriting.
• Example: Neat and well-formed letters versus inconsistent and messy
writing.
10.Rhythm
• The consistency and smoothness of strokes, reflecting control and speed.
• Example: Steady and even writing versus erratic and uneven strokes.
11.Disconnections or Pen Lifts
• Breaks or gaps between letters or strokes.
• Example: Letters written in fragments instead of a continuous motion.
12.Speed
• How quickly the writing is executed, affecting stroke formation and clarity.
• Example: Fast writing may appear rushed or sloppy, while slow writing is more
deliberate.
13.Slant
• The angle of the writing, which is often a consistent personal habit.
• Example: Writing that slants to the right, left, or remains vertical.
14.Proportion of Letters
• The relative size and spacing of letters.
• Example: Tall letters like "l" compared to small letters like "o," and spacing
between words or lines.
15.Quality of Strokes (Line Quality)
• The smoothness, sharpness, or irregularity of the lines in handwriting.
• Example: Crisp, sharp strokes versus shaky or wavy ones.
16.Variation
• Natural differences in stroke formation, size, or pressure that occur over time.
• Example: Inconsistent letter sizes or occasional changes in pressure within the
same writing.
TOPIC 6:
FALSIFICATION,
COUNTERFEITI
NG AND
FORGERY
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1.Falsemaking
1. The creation of fraudulent writing on a document or the alteration of an
existing document.
2.Falsification
1. In Questioned Document (Q.D.) context, this refers to the act of adding,
substituting, erasing, or obliterating an original entry, including punctuation
marks, signs, symbols, numerals, characters, or letters in a document.
3.Counterfeiting
1. The crime of making, circulating, or uttering false coins and banknotes.

4.Forgery
1. The act of falsely creating or materially altering, with intent to defraud, any
writing which, if genuine, might hold legal efficacy or serve as the foundation
of a legal liability.
TYPES AND METHODS OF FORGERY:

1.Simple Forgery: Writing that does not attempt to mimic the genuine
handwriting.
2.Simulated Forgery: An attempt to imitate the genuine handwriting of
another person.
3.Traced Forgery: Copying the original writing by tracing over it.
4.Optical Forgery: Forgery achieved using digital or optical means such as
scanning and printing.
5.Auto Forgery: When a person falsifies their own signature or writing.
INDICATORS OF
FORGERY:
1.Tremors in strokes.
2.Lack of rhythm in writing.
3.Excessive care or unusual deliberation.
4.No contrast between thin and thick strokes.
5.Slow writing.
6.Blunt beginnings and endings of strokes.
7.Absence of spontaneity in writing.
8.Restrained and unnatural writing.
9.Lack of variation in stroke formation.
INDICATIONS OF SIMULATED AND
TRACED FORGERIES:
1.Tremulous and broken connecting strokes between letters, indicating pauses where the
writer temporarily stopped.
2.Absence of rhythm.
3.Excessive care and deliberation.
4.Lack of contrast between upward and downward strokes.
5.Slow and angular writing.
6.Blunt beginnings and endings.
7.Placement of diacritical marks (e.g., dots and accents) directly over the stem of letters.
8.Lack of spontaneity and smoothness in letter formation.
9.Restrained and deliberate writing.
10.Absence of variation in strokes and style.
INDICATIONS OF GENUINE WRITING:

1.Careless and natural flow.

2.Presence of spontaneity.
3.Alternation between thin and thick strokes.
4.Speed in writing.
5.Simplified letter formation.
6.A mix of upright and slanted letters.
7.Upward strokes that taper to a threadlike trace.
8.Rhythmic and consistent flow of strokes.
9.Good line quality.
10.Natural variation in writing style.
TOPIC 7:
COLLECTION
OF STANDARDS
DEFINITION OF
STANDARDS
• Standards are genuine or authentic specimens of handwriting or
documents used for comparison with a questioned document (QD).
• To ensure reliability, standards should be condensed, compact, and
representative of the material from its source.
TYPES OF STANDARDS
1.Collected Standards:
1. Handwriting or documents that already exist and are gathered for comparison.
2. Example: Old letters, checks, or signed agreements.
3. Advantage: Natural, unaltered writing created without influence.
4. Disadvantage: May not always match the questioned document in content or
writing environment.
2.Requested Standards:
1. Writing samples deliberately obtained from a person for comparison.
2. Example: Asking someone to write specific text or sign their name multiple times.
3. Advantage: Content and conditions can be controlled to match the questioned
document.
4. Disadvantage: May lack spontaneity, as the writer may attempt to disguise
their handwriting.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN
SELECTING STANDARDS

1.Amount of Standards:
1. A sufficient number of samples should be collected.
2. Example: 20–25 signatures or 4–5 pages of handwriting for a reliable analysis.

2.Similarity of Subject Matter:

1. Standards should match the content and context of the questioned document.
2. Example: If the QD is a signature, use signatures as the standard, not
paragraphs of handwriting.
3.Relevance of the QD and SD:
1. The standards should be closely related to the questioned document in terms
of timing, writing tools, and conditions.
DO’S AND DON’TS IN COLLECTING
EXEMPLARS
 Do’s

1.Collect Similar Samples:

1. Ensure that the collected standards resemble the content and format of the
questioned document.
2.Collect Standards from the Same Time Period:
1. The writing used for comparison should be dated around the same period as
the questioned document to account for changes in writing habits over time.
3.Duplicate the Writing Environment:
1. Use the same type of pen, paper, and position as the questioned document.

4.Instruct the Writer:

1. Guide the person providing the requested samples to replicate the writing style
or content.
DO’S AND DON’TS IN COLLECTING
EXEMPLARS
 Don’ts

1.Don’t Rely on Too Little Writing:

1. Collect ample samples (e.g., 20–25 signatures or 4–5 pages) to capture a reliable
range of the writer's habits.
2.Don’t Use Unrelated Writing:
1. Avoid standards that significantly differ in style, content, or context from the
questioned document.
3.Don’t Use Recent Writing for Old Documents:
1. Writing habits may change over time, so ensure the standards are from the same
time frame as the questioned document.
4.Don’t Compare Abnormal Writing with Normal Writing:
1. Avoid using samples written under unusual conditions, such as illness or stress,
for comparison with normal handwriting.
TOPIC 8:
PROCESS IN
QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION
LOGICAL PROCESS IN DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION

1.Ascertain the Facts: Gather relevant information about the document, its
origin, and its history.
2.Analyze the Details: Carefully study the features of the questioned
document (QD).
3.Qualify the Case: Identify the key elements that need investigation to
resolve the case.
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
USED
1.Analysis: Break down the document to examine its components (e.g.,
handwriting, ink, paper).
2.Comparison: Compare the questioned document with standards to
identify similarities or differences.
3.Evaluation: Assess the findings to form conclusions based on evidence.
4.Verification: Confirm the conclusions by rechecking the evidence or
seeking a second opinion.
CARE FOR DISPUTED DOCUMENTS
AND EVIDENCE

1.Keep documents unfolded in a proper-sized envelope or folder.

2.Avoid creating photo-static copies; use proper photographs or photo
enlargements.
3.Limit handling of documents to avoid damage or contamination.
4.Do not touch, fold, or refold documents unnecessarily.
5.Avoid pointing at documents with sharp objects (e.g., pens, pencils).
6.Do not perform any tests that may alter the document's condition.
REPORTING INDICATIONS
 When reporting findings, use terms that indicate varying levels of certainty:

1.Wrote (Prepared): High confidence that the writer created the document.
2.Strong Indications Wrote: Strong evidence but not absolute certainty.
3.Indications Wrote: Moderate evidence suggests the writer’s involvement.
4.Limited Indications Wrote: Minimal evidence links the writer to the document.
5.Can Be Neither Identified Nor Eliminated: No definitive conclusion.
6.Limited Indications Did Not Write: Minimal evidence suggests the writer did not
create the document.
7.Indications Did Not Write: Moderate evidence that the writer did not create the
document.
8.Strong Indications Did Not Write: Strong evidence against the writer’s involvement.
9.Did Not Write: High confidence that the writer is not responsible for the document.
TOPIC 8.2:
ALTERATION OF
DOCUMENTS
AND DISGUISED
WRITING
TYPES OF DOCUMENT ALTERATIONS

1.Abrasion: Erasures made with a rubber eraser, knife, or razor blade.

2.Chemical Eradication: Use of chemicals to bleach or remove ink.
3.Obliterations: Covering text with opaque material to hide it.
4.Insertion and Substitution: Adding or replacing words, lines, or pages in a
document.
5.Addition: Introducing new words or figures not part of the original document.
6.Interlineation or Intercalation: Adding content between existing lines.
7.Folds: Uneven folds may suggest page substitutions.
8.Cut and Paste: Physically cutting and attaching new elements to the
document.
9.Electronic Alterations: Using software to digitally modify text or images.
DISGUISED WRITING
 Natural Writing: Writing executed normally, without any attempt to alter
its identifying features.
 Methods of Disguised Writing:

1.Changing the slant of the writing.

2.Altering the usual letter forms.
3.Using block letters instead of cursive.
4.Writing with the non-dominant hand.
5.Changing the writing instrument (e.g., pen to pencil).
6.Modifying writing speed (faster or slower).
SIGNS OF DISGUISED
WRITING:
1.Inconsistencies within the writing style.
2.Poor rhythm or uneven flow.
3.Erratic movements followed by smoother, rhythmic writing.
4.Slowness and hesitation in strokes.
SOLUTION FOR DISGUISED WRITING
PROBLEMS

1.Collection and Study of Adequate Standards: Gather standards that

represent fixed, occasional, rare, and accidental characteristics of the
writer.
2.Analysis of Questioned Writing: Determine if the handwriting is natural
or disguised.
3.Comparison of Features: Systematically compare handwriting,
composition, ink, paper, and tools used.
TOPIC 9:
MATERIALS
USED TO
CREATE
DOCUMENTS
PAPER
 Definition: Paper is composed of interlaced fibers, primarily cellulose from
plants, though it can also be made from cloth rags or other fibrous
materials. It is created by pulping these fibers, which are then matted to
form a solid surface.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PAPER

1.Cooking Process
1. Pulpwood is chipped into small pieces, mixed with chemicals, and processed in pressure vessels
(digesters) to soften the lignin (a substance binding the fibers).
2.Washing, Screening, and Cleaning
1. The pulp is cleaned and, if necessary, bleached to achieve the desired brightness.

3.Addition of Pigments, Dyes, and Sizing

1. Fibers are mixed with these substances for specific properties and then flow onto a moving screen
called a Fourdrinier, where they form a continuous mat.
4.Pressing and Drying
1. Water is removed through heavy rollers and the remaining moisture evaporates during the drying
stage.
5.Calendaring and Smoothing
1. The paper is smoothed by passing through a series of calendar stacks.

6.Watermarking
1. A dandy roll imprints the watermark on the paper during the pressing process.
TYPES OF PAPER FOR PRINTING OR
WRITING

1.Newsprint: Least expensive; made from ground wood. Used for newspapers.
2.Bond Paper: Originally used for stocks and bonds; typically made from cotton.
3.Lightweight: Uncoated; commonly made from wood fibers.
4.Specialty Paper: Contains special finishes, e.g., gummed paper for labels.
5.Text Paper: Used for announcements, invitations, and greeting cards.
6.Coated Paper: Coated on both sides; used to transfer data or for glossy finishes.
7.Bristol Paper: Used for index cards, tags, and publications.
8.Kraft Paper: Coarse, unbleached, heavy paper used for paper bags, packaging,
and corrugated boxes.
PROPERTIES OF PAPER
1.Weight: Impacts the feel and usage of the paper.
2.Strength: Includes tensile and tear strength for durability.
3.Durability: Determines the longevity of the paper under usage.
4.Thickness: Affects the stiffness and feel of the paper.
5.Finish: The surface quality, e.g., smooth, rough, glossy, or matte.
6.Water Absorbability: Influences how ink interacts with the surface.
7.Presence of Watermark: Adds a distinctive translucent design, often for
authenticity.
WATERMARK
• A watermark is a translucent design embedded into the paper by the
manufacturer during production.
• Purpose: Acts as a security feature and helps in identifying the authenticity
and source of the paper.
MATERIALS
USED TO
CREATE
DOCUMENTS
AND
TYPEWRITERS
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PEN
 . Pens evolved over time, moving from basic tools to more advanced writing instruments. Here's the timeline:

• Stones: Early humans used stones to carve or mark surfaces.

• Stylus: A pointed tool used for writing on clay tablets in ancient times.
• Quill Pen: A writing instrument made from a bird feather, commonly used in the Middle Ages.
• Reed Pen: Made from bamboo or reeds, used in ancient Egyptian writing.
• Steel Pen: Metal nib pens introduced in the 19th century, more durable and consistent.
• Fountain Pen: Contained an internal ink reservoir for smoother writing.
• Eraser Mate: Early erasable ballpoint pen technology.
• Fiber Tip Pen: Introduced felt or synthetic tips for smoother writing.
• Roller Ball Pen: Used water-based ink for a smoother writing experience.
• Gel Pen: Used gel-based ink, offering vibrant colors and precision.
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
PENCIL
 Pencils were developed using graphite as the core material. The timeline highlights key
contributors:
• Mid-1500s (English): Discovery of graphite in England led to the creation of early pencils.

• 1650s (Germans): Innovations by German manufacturers improved pencil quality.

• Key Figures in Pencil History:

• Nicolas Jacques Conte: Invented the modern pencil by mixing graphite powder and clay.
• Hyman Lipman: Patented the first pencil with an eraser.
• William Monroe: Made the first wooden pencil in America.
• Bernard Lassimone: Patented a mechanical pencil.
• L&C Hardmuth: Created high-quality pencils (e.g., Koh-i-Noor).
• Ebenezer Wood: Innovated pencil production by using machinery.
 DEVELOPMENT OF INK
 Ink has been used since ancient times for writing and drawing. Here's its evolution:

• Berries: Natural dyes extracted from berries.

• Cuttlefish: Used sepia ink derived from cuttlefish.
• Indian Ink: Traditional ink made from soot and water.
• Iron Gallate: Ink made from oak galls and iron salts.
• Coloring Agents: Modern inks use synthetic dyes for a wide range of colors.
 Types of Ink:

1.Water-Based: Common in fountain pens and markers.

2.Alcohol-Based: Used in permanent markers and some industrial applications.
3.Oil-Based: Used in ballpoint pens for smooth and long-lasting writing.
 TYPEWRITERS

 Typewriters are mechanical devices used to print characters on paper. The

evolution includes:
• Key Inventors:
• Henry Mill: Early typewriter patent in 1714.
• William Austin Burt: Developed a "Typographer" in 1829.
• Xavier Progin: Improved typewriter design.
• Charles Grover Thurber: Early typewriter innovator.
• Alfred Ely Beach: Enhanced typewriter technology.
• Samuel W. Francis: Developed a unique typewriter model.
• Shoes, Glidden, and Soule: Produced the first commercially successful
typewriter.
• Thomas Edison: Created an electric typewriter.
• James Smathers: Refined electric typewriters for better usability.
DEFECTS IN
TYPEWRITERS
 Defects in typewriters create unique characteristics that forensic experts
can use to identify documents. Common defects include:
1.Horizontal Malalignment: Characters are misaligned to the right or left.
2.Off Its Feet: Uneven pressure causes heavier or lighter impressions.
3.Rebound: A character prints a double impression.
4.Typeface Defects: Damage to typeface alters how characters look.
5.Twisted Letters: Characters appear tilted due to worn typebars.
6.Vertical Malalignment: Characters are positioned too high or low.
7.Clogged Typeface: Ink buildup leads to unclear impressions.
ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS:
1.Why Watermarks are Important:
1. A watermark is a faint, distinctive design embedded in paper during
manufacturing.
2. It helps identify the manufacturer and detect forgeries.

2.Modern Writing Instruments:

1. Digital Pens: Combine handwriting with digital storage.
2. Smart Pens: Allow real-time digital recording of notes.

3.Forensic Document Examination:

1. Analyzing handwriting, typewriter defects, ink composition, and paper
properties helps solve crimes like forgery and fraud.
TOPIC 10: COMPUTERS AND
PRINTERS
 Overview
 Modern documents are primarily created using computers and printed
using various types of printers. Unlike traditional typewriters, computers
allow users to edit, correct, and format documents before printing, making
them highly versatile.
 Printers play a crucial role in forensic document examination as they leave
distinctive marks that can help identify the specific printer used to produce
a document. These marks and characteristics vary based on the type of
printer.
TYPES OF PRINTERS
 Printers differ in how they transfer text and images onto paper. Here are
the main types and their unique features:
1.Dot Matrix Printer
1. How It Works: Uses a series of small pins that strike an ink ribbon to create
characters on paper.
2. Key Characteristics:
1. Produces text and images made up of small, round dots.
2. Prints with a grid-like pattern that can be examined microscopically.
3. Forensic Clues:
1. Round dot edges and patterns can reveal the printer type and alignment defects.
4. Use Cases: Still used in environments requiring multi-part forms (e.g., receipts
or invoices).
 2. Inkjet Printer

• How It Works: Sprays tiny droplets of liquid ink directly onto the paper to
form characters and images.
• Key Characteristics:
• Produces smoother and higher-quality images than dot matrix printers.
• Ink may "bleed" slightly, causing blurred edges on close examination.

• Forensic Clues:
• The ink's absorption into paper and edge clarity can identify the printer model
or ink type.
• Use Cases: Common for home and office printing, especially for photo-
quality outputs.
 3. Laser Printer

• How It Works: Uses a laser beam to create a pattern of electrostatically

charged dots on a photosensitive drum. Negatively charged toner powder
adheres to the charged areas and is fused to the paper using heat and
pressure.
• Key Characteristics:
• Produces sharp and clean text/images with consistent quality.
• No ink bleeding, as toner is heat-fused onto the paper.

• Forensic Clues:
• Microscopic examination may reveal toner patterns, drum defects, or transfer
alignment issues.
• Use Cases: Popular in offices for high-speed and high-volume printing.
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
 Forensic Document Examination and Printers
 Forensic experts analyze printed documents to determine:

• Printer type (dot matrix, inkjet, or laser).

• Defects unique to a specific printer, such as alignment issues or drum
damage.
• Ink or toner composition, which can sometimes trace back to specific
manufacturers or batches.
MODERN PRINTERS IN
FORENSICS
1.3D Printers: While not traditional printers, 3D printers can also leave
identifiable patterns based on layer resolution and nozzle defects.
2.Printer Steganography: Many modern printers, especially laser printers,
embed microscopic yellow dots (Machine Identification Code) on printed
pages. These dots encode information like the printer's serial number and
printing date, aiding forensic investigations.
 COMPARISON OF PRINTERS

Feature Dot Matrix Inkjet Laser

Medium (smooth
Print Quality Low (dot patterns) High (sharp output)
edges)
Speed Slow Medium Fast
Cost Low Medium Higher (initial cost)
Forensic Clues Dot patterns Ink absorption Toner patterns
HOW COMPUTERS AND PRINTERS
CHANGED DOCUMENT PRODUCTION
• Efficiency: Computers allow easy editing, saving, and reprinting of
documents, which was impossible with typewriters.
• Customization: Fonts, layouts, and designs can be tailored to specific
needs.
• Digital Footprints: Files on computers retain metadata (e.g., creation and
modification dates), which can aid forensic investigations.
END OF DISCUSSION