Network Analysis and synthesis

Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis

 Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis
Network Analysis and Synthesis is a fundamental area of study in electrical
engineering, focusing on the behavior and design of electrical networks.
In generally accepted definitions of network analysis and synthesis, there are
three key words: the excitation, the network, and the response.

Definitions:
 Excitation – source of electrical energy to be connected to the network.
An electrical network is a combination/interconnection of electrical elements
such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, transmission lines, voltage sources,
current sources, and switches, connected in any manner to perform a certain
task governed by certain laws.
Response – output signal produced by the network in response to the input
(excitation).
The field is divided into two main branches: Network Analysis
and Network Synthesis
Network Analysis involves determining the response (output) of
a network to a given input.
It is the process of understanding how a network behaves under
specific conditions.
Network Synthesis is the process of designing a network that
meets a specified set of performance criteria. It is the reverse of
network analysis.
 Electrical network vs Electrical circuit
Electrical network is an interconnection of electrical elements such as Resistors , Inductors
, Capacitors, Transmission lines, Voltage sources Current sources and switches

 There is an open path present in the network.

 Current may not be flowing through all the elements of the network.

Electrical circuit is a network which has a closed path that gives the return path for the
flow of current.
 There should be no open path in the circuit.
 The current should flow through every element present in the circuit

Electrical Network Electrical circuit

To mention some examples of networks:
 Filters - electrical networks which pass selective frequency
signals.
 Amplifiers/ Attenuators - electrical networks which are
used to magnify or reduce signal power level from input to
output.
 Equalizers - electrical networks used to counteract
frequency or phase distortions.
 Matching networks - electrical networks that match source
and load impedances
The study of network analysis and synthesis is sometimes
referred to as network theory. Network theory is based on
fundamental electrical parameters. Network theory can be
categorized into three classes.
 Mathematical modeling of electromagnetic
phenomena
 Mathematical analysis of models of individual elements
and system
 Synthesis and design of systems & devices
 Network components
Electrical network (Circuit) components (elements) can be classified according to
different properties.
1. Active and passive elements:
 Passive elements are those that have no energy sources. This includes resistors,
inductors, capacitors and coupled inductors (transformers)
 Active elements are dependent sources, transistors, op-amps etc. There are
separate energy sources in these elements, without which they cannot function.
2. Linear and non-linear elements:
A system (network) is linear if the principle of superposition and the principle of
proportionality hold
c1e1(t) c1r1(t)
System

c2e2(t) c2r2(t)
System

c1e1(t) +c2e2(t) c1r1(t)+c2r2(t)

System
 3. Distributed and Lumped Parameter elements:
Electrical system analysis depends on two fundamental theoretical concepts:
1. The lumped parameter circuit theory based on laws: KVL and KCL, ohms laws,
etc…
2. Field theory based on Maxwell’s equations for networks composed of distributed
elements.
A circuit element is said to be lumped if the instantaneous current entering one
terminal is equal to the instantaneous current leaving at the other terminals
otherwise it is distributed elements.
Typical lumped elements are: resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage and current
sources. A television antenna is not a lumped element as the current at the foot of
the antenna is not the same as that at the tip of the antenna.
 4. Voltage and current sources
a) Independent source
b) Dependent source
independent current source:
It is a 2-terminal sources that maintains a specific current through it regardless of
the voltage across it terminals. The circuit symbol of independent current sources
is given below,

Independent voltage source:

It is a 2-terminal sources that maintains a specific voltage across its terminals
regardless of the current through it. The circuit symbol of independent voltage
sources is given below,
b) Dependent
It is a 2-terminal sources that generates a voltage or a current that is determined
by a voltage or current at a specified location in the circuit.
A dependent or controlled source is said to be voltage or current controlled if its
terminal behavior is controlled by another voltage or current. This leads to four
different controlled sources which are:

1.Voltage-controlled voltage source(VCVS)

2. Voltage-controlled current source(VCCS)
3. Current-controlled voltage source(CCVS)
4. Current-controlled current source(CCCS)
 Classification of networks
The behavior of the network, considered as a black box, leads to a number
of classifications like linear, nonlinear: time invariant and time variant;
passive, active.
i. Passive and Active Networks
Let v(t) and i(t) be the two voltage and current at the terminals of a network. Then the
energy delivered to the network is given by

A network is said to be passive if, and only if, W(t,t0) + E(t0) ≥ 0 for all t and to, and for all v(t) and
i(t) , where E(to)is the energy in the network at t = to. Otherwise, the network is said to be active. In
other words, if the energy delivered to the network is non-negative for all time and input, the network
is said to be passive.

Passive :A linear network is passive if

a) The energy delivered is non-negative for any excitation.
b) No voltages or currents appear between any two terminals before
excitation is applied.
ii. Time-invariant and Time-variant Networks
Time invariant: A network is time invariant if a network that doesn’t contain time
variant components.

For time invariant system the response (output) depends on the shape of the
excitation (input) but not on the time of application. A network composed of time
invariant elements is necessarily time-invariant whereas network composed of
time-variant elements may exhibit time-invariant terminal behavior.
 iii. Causal and non-causal Network

Causal
• A network is causal if the response is zero before any excitation.
e(t ) 0 for t T then r (t ) 0 for t T
A network is causal or non- anticipative if the response at any time depends on only
present and past input.

A network is non-causal or anticipative if the response at any time depends on only present
and future input.
 iv. Linear and Nonlinear Networks
A system (network) is linear if the principle of superposition and the principle of proportionality
hold c1e1(t) c1r1(t)
System

c2e2(t) c2r2(t)
System

c1e1(t) +c2e2(t) c1r1(t)+c2r2(t)

System

v. Invertibility and Inverse system

A system is said to be invertible if the distinct input lead to distinct outputs. If the system is
invertible, then the inverse of a system is exists that, when cascaded with the original system,
yields the output w(t) or w(n) equals to the input x(t) or x(n) to the first system.
 Key Concepts in Network Analysis
Circuit Elements: Resistors, capacitors, inductors,
voltage sources, and current sources.
Laws and Theorems:
 Ohm's Law
 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current
Law (KCL)
 Thevenin's Theorem
 Norton's Theorem
Methods:
 Nodal Analysis
 Mesh Analysis
 Transient and Steady-State Analysis
Key Concepts in Network Synthesis
Specifications: Desired frequency response, impedance
matching, gain, etc.
Approaches:
 Passive Synthesis: Using resistors, capacitors, and
inductors.
 Active Synthesis: Incorporating active components like
operational amplifiers and transistors.
Techniques:
 Foster and Cauer forms for LC networks.
 Darlington synthesis for two-port networks.
Reliability: Ensuring that the designed network can be
physically implemented.
 Key Concepts in Network Design and Analysis
Network Design: The process of creating a
network that meets specific performance criteria,
such as frequency response, gain, impedance
matching, or power efficiency.
Steps:
 Define the problem and specifications.
 Choose the appropriate components and
topology.
 Use mathematical models and simulations to
predict performance.
 Optimize the design for cost, size, and
performance.
 Network Design tools applications
Tools:
 Simulation software (e.g., SPICE, MATLAB).
 Mathematical techniques (e.g., Laplace transforms,
Fourier transforms).
Applications:
 Designing filters, amplifiers, oscillators, and control
systems.
 Creating communication networks and power distribution
systems.
Steps in Network Design and Analysis
Problem Definition:
 Identify the purpose of the network (e.g., filtering,
amplification).
 Define performance criteria (e.g., bandwidth, gain,
power consumption).
Component Selection:
 Choose appropriate components (e.g., resistors,
capacitors, inductors, active devices).
 Consider factors like cost, size, and availability.
Topology Selection:
 Decide on the arrangement of components (e.g., series,
parallel, ladder networks).
Continued
Mathematical Modeling:
 Represent the network using equations or equivalent circuits.
 Use techniques like Laplace transforms for dynamic systems.
Simulation and Analysis:
 Simulate the network using software tools.
 Analyze the response to different inputs (e.g., step, impulse,
sinusoidal).
Optimization:
 Refine the design to improve performance, reduce cost, or
minimize size.
Implementation and Testing:
 Build the network and test it in real-world conditions.
 Compare the results with the expected performance.
 Examples of Network Design and Analysis
Filter Design:
 Design: Create a low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1
kHz.
 Analysis: Evaluate the frequency response to ensure it
attenuates signals above 1 kHz.
Amplifier Design:
 Design: Design an operational amplifier circuit with a gain of
100.
 Analysis: Analyze the circuit to ensure it provides the desired
gain and stability.
Power System Design:
 Design: Create a power distribution network for a building.
 Analysis: Analyze the network to ensure it can handle the
expected load without voltage drops.