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Module II Stages and Models of Stress

The document discusses stress as a physical, mental, or emotional response to external events, highlighting its signs, myths, and various models of understanding stress. It emphasizes the importance of individual appraisal of stressors and the balance between environmental demands and personal competence, especially in older adults. Interventions to reduce environmental press and increase personal competence are suggested to help individuals manage stress effectively.

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Shivam Gurjar
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4 views

Module II Stages and Models of Stress

The document discusses stress as a physical, mental, or emotional response to external events, highlighting its signs, myths, and various models of understanding stress. It emphasizes the importance of individual appraisal of stressors and the balance between environmental demands and personal competence, especially in older adults. Interventions to reduce environmental press and increase personal competence are suggested to help individuals manage stress effectively.

Uploaded by

Shivam Gurjar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRESS

MANAGEMENT

AIBAS
Stress…
• Researchers define stress as a
physical, mental, or emotional
response to events that causes
bodily or mental tension.
• Simply put, stress is any outside force,
bourdon or event that has an effect on our
body or mind.
Signs of Stress
• Physical
– Headache
– Back Pain
– Fatigue
– Aches and Pains
• Mental
– Difficulty Concentrating
– Increased Errors
– Poor Decision Making
Myths of Stress

• All stress is bad


• Stress will not hurt you
• What stresses you out also
stresses me out
• No symptoms, no stress
• Only major symptoms of stress
are harmful
All stress is bad?

• Moderate levels of stress


may actually improve
performance and efficiency

• Too little stress may result in


boredom

• Too much stress may cause


an unproductive anxiety level
Models of stress
Models of stress
• Stimulus-oriented approach.
• Response-oriented approach.
• The transactional and interactional model.
• Pressure – environment fit model of stress.
Models of stress:
(A) The Stimulus-Based Model of Stress

(1)Holmes and Rahes advanced this theory.


 It proposed that life changes (LIFE EVENTS) or
(STRESSORS), either positive or negative, are stressors
that test the adaptation capacity of an individual,
causing physiological and psychological strains
that lead to health problems.
(2)They developed the Social Readjustment Rating
Scale (SRRS). They hypothesized that people with
higher scores in the SRRS, -i.e. major life changes-are
more likely to experience physical or mental illness.
There is some supporting evidence to this, but the
correlation is fairly low. Moreover, this theory was
criticized as ignoring the cognitive aspects of the
effects of stress. In other words, it does not account
for the individual appraisal of the meaning of various
life events.
The Transactional Model of Stress
(l) Lazarus& Folkman_(1 980) proposed the third approach.
They criticized the first and the second models mentioned above
as treating people as machines.
They believe that people have the capacity to think, evaluate,
and then react. Thinking can make stress either better or worse.
(2)Lazarus developed an interaction theory, which emphasize the
role of cognition. This theory proposed that people engage in
TWO- STAGE PROCESS of appraisal
• I) A Primary Appraisal Process: Determine
whether the event represents a threat to the
individual. This results in three outcomes:
• 1.Events regarded as irrelevant.
• 2.Events regarded as positive to well being.
• 3.Events regarded as negative to well being.
 Primary Appraisal.
Uncertainty: “I don’t know what is going on”.
Unpredictability: “I don’t know what is going to happen.
This negative appraisal leads to:
• II) A Secondary Appraisal Process:
• Here the individuals assess their COPING RESOURCES. These
resources include environmental factors, social
support or help, knowledge, and skills to reduce this
threat.
 Secondary Appraisal.
Uncontrollability:
o “I don’t Know what to do about it”
o “There is nothing that I can do”
o “There is nothing anyone can do”
Appraisal of Stress
• Some people are more prone to feeling stress
than others, irrespective of event. Appraisals of
potentially stressful events are influenced by
two factors:
• (1) the controllability of events
• (2) the predictability of event

• Events are more stressful when they are


uncontrollable and unpredictable
Person-Environment
Fit
Model
Sometimes the balance
between ourselves and our
environment is just right…
We balance the demands of life
(environmental press)
in our lives because we have the
resources (personal competence) to
school do so… parents

children

finances

appointments
Sometimes our environment
places pressure on us and
we feel stressed.
Such as an STRESS

exam…
A certain amount of Environmental
Press (stress from the environment)
can actually facilitate moving us into
a phase of Maximum Performance
Potential.

A+

Graduation !

1st Place
Most of us have learned ways
to cope with stress using
various self care activities.
Self-care helps us return to an
even balance between
environmental press and our
personal competence.
This balance can be disrupted for
older adults in the midst of
changes related to aging and/or
episodes of illness. Our skill as
nurses can assist older adults to
regain their balance so that they
function at their highest level.
Examples of Environmental
Press for the Older Adult

• Relocation
• Loss of home, job, spouse,
ability to drive
• Lack of familiar supports: walker, cane
• Absence of sensory aids such as glasses
and hearing aids
Intervention: Reduction of
Environmental Press

• Assess what in the environment is a stressor for the older adult.


• Stressors for a cognitively impaired individual will be different from
those for a cognitively intact older adult with a high level of
independent functioning.

• Examples of interventions that reduce environmental press: glasses


and hearing aids; orienting cues (clocks and calendars); familiar
items from home; noise reduction; and adaptive devices.
Intervention: Increasing Personal
Competence

• Assess what has served the person in the past to


manage stressors and increase personal
competence.
• Refer to occupational and/or physical therapy, to
increase personal skill level to recuperate or
adapt to current situation.
• Supportive groups:
– Religious
– Family
– Social
Effects of Coping Resources and Strategies
• When coping outcomes are positive such as
accepting the death of a relative or passing an
exam, a psychological adjustment or
adaptation takes place.
• However, unsuccessful coping leads anxiety
and depression or exacerbate other physical
and mental disease.

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