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Flashcards - 5.1 Thermal Physics - OCR (a) Physics a-Level.pdf

The document contains flashcards covering key concepts in thermal physics, including temperature conversion, particle arrangement in different states of matter, internal energy, and the kinetic theory of gases. It explains principles such as specific heat capacity, latent heat, and the ideal gas law, along with their associated equations. Additionally, it addresses the effects of temperature on gas pressure and the implications of energy loss in experiments.

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3 views

Flashcards - 5.1 Thermal Physics - OCR (a) Physics a-Level.pdf

The document contains flashcards covering key concepts in thermal physics, including temperature conversion, particle arrangement in different states of matter, internal energy, and the kinetic theory of gases. It explains principles such as specific heat capacity, latent heat, and the ideal gas law, along with their associated equations. Additionally, it addresses the effects of temperature on gas pressure and the implications of energy loss in experiments.

Uploaded by

18sseiwoh-koroma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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OCR A A-Level Physics

5.1 Thermal Physics


Flashcards

This work by hPttMps:T//b iEt.lyd/pumcta-etdiuo-cnc is licensed


under hCtCtp sB:/Y/b-Nit.Cly-/NpmD t4-c.0c
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How do you convert from Celsius to
Kelvin?

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How do you convert from Celsius to Kelvin?

Add 273. Eg. 10 degrees C = 283 K

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Why is the absolute scale used?

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Why is the absolute scale used?
It doesn’t arbitrarily depend on the properties of a
given substance (eg. water’s melting and boiling
point for the Celsius scale).

0K (absolute zero) means


minimum internal energy. that the particles have

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Describe the arrangement and energy of
particles in a solid, a liquid and a gas.

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Describe the arrangement and energy of particles in
a solid, a liquid and a gas.

Solid - regular arrangement, vibrate around fixed positions.

Liquid - close together, constantly moving past each other.

Gas - spaced very far apart, free to move in all directions.

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How does Brownian motion give
evidence for the particle model of
matter?

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How does Brownian motion give evidence for the
particle model of matter?

Smoke particles suspended in air can be seen to


move randomly in all directions. This must be as a

result of random collisions with particles making up


the air.

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What is Internal energy ?

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What is Internal energy ?
The sum of the potential and kinetic energies of a
system.

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True or false: At a given temperature, all
particles in a material have the same
kinetic energy.

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True or false: At a given temperature, all particles in
a material have the same kinetic energy.
False. The kinetic energies will be randomly
distributed around a central ‘most likely’ amount.

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How can you increase the thermal
energy of a system?

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How can you increase the thermal energy of a
system?
We can increase it by heating it up or doing work
on the object.

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Explain the energy changes that occur
during a change of state.

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Explain the energy changes that occur during a
change of state.
During change of state the potential energy of the
particles change but the kinetic energies don’t
change.

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What equation can be used to determine
the energy required to change the
temperature of a substance?

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What equation can be used to determine the energy
required to change the temperature of a substance?

Q=
mcΔ𝜭
capacity, Δ𝜭 = temperature change.
Where Q = energy, m = mass, c = specific heat

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What is the specific heat capacity of
substance?

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What is the specific heat capacity of substance?
The energy required to raise the temperature of
1kg of a substance by 1K.

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Give the equation to work of the energy
for change of state?

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Give the equation to work of the energy for change
of state?
Q=
ml l = specific latent heat
Where Q = energy, m = mass,
(‘of fusion’ if melting/freezing, ‘of vaporisation’ if
condensing/evaporating)

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What is the specific latent heat of a
substance?

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What is the specific latent heat of a substance?
The energy required to change the state per unit
mass of a substance, while keeping the
temperature constant.

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In an experiment to find ‘c’ for water, lots
of energy input escapes to the
surroundings. Will this lead to an over or
underestimate of specific heat capacity?

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In an experiment to find ‘c’ for water, lots of energy
input escapes to the surroundings. Will this lead to
an over or underestimate of specific heat capacity?

● mΔ𝜭 The energy input will be used, but the temperature change
● An overestimate. Specific heat capacity is calculated as: c = Q /

● of the water will be lower than it should be due to the escaped


energy - therefore c will be too high.

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What is Avogadro’s constant? (in words)

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What is Avogadro’s constant? (in words)
The number of atoms there are in one mole of a
substance.

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What are the key assumptions in the
kinetic theory of gases?

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What are the key assumptions in the kinetic theory of
gases?
● There are a large number of molecules in random, rapid motion.
● Particles are negligibly small compared to the total volume of the
gas. All collisions are perfectly elastic. The time taken for a collision
● is negligibly small compared with the time between collisions.
● Between collisions there are no forces between particles.

●
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Why do gases exert a pressure on the
container they’re in?

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Why do gases exert a pressure on the container
they’re in?
●Gas particles collide with the surfaces of the container. The
container exerts a force on the particles to change their
●
direction. The particles exert an equal and opposite force on
the container. Pressure is force applied (in total, by all
particles) per unit area.
●

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What is an ideal gas?

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What is an ideal gas?

A gas where: ●The gas molecules don’t


interact with each
other.
●The molecules are thought to be perfectly
spheres.
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What is the ideal gas equation?

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What is the ideal gas equation?

pV=n
RT
Where p = pressure, V = volume, n = number of
moles, R = the ideal gas constant, T = absolute
temperature

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What is Boyle’s law?

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What is Boyle’s law?
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume,
providing temperature is constant.

i.e. pV = constant

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Assuming constant volume, how are the
pressure and temperature of a gas
related?

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Assuming constant volume, how are the pressure
and temperature of a gas related?

They’re directly proportional. ie. P/T = constant

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Use the kinetic theory of gases to explain
why a temperature increase leads to an
increase in pressure.

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Use the kinetic theory of gases to explain why a
temperature increase leads to an increase in
pressure.
● A temperature increase means the particles have more kinetic energy.
● More kinetic energy means a greater change in momentum during
collisions with the container. There are also more frequent collisions.
● Change in momentum is proportional to force applied, and therefore to
pressure as well.

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What equation links N, V, p, m and c?

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What equation links N, V, p, m and c?

Where p = pressure, V = volume, N = number of


particles, m = mass of a particle, ‘c’ = mean
square speed.
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What is meant by the root mean square
speed?

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What is meant by the root mean square speed?
The square root of the mean of the squares of
the speeds of the molecules.

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What does the area under a
Maxwell-Boltzmann curve represent?

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What does the area under a Maxwell-Boltzmann
curve represent?
The total number of particles.

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How does the Maxwell-Boltzmann curve
change if the temperature of a gas is
increased?

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How does the Maxwell-Boltzmann curve change if
the temperature of a gas is increased?
The average particle speed, and maximum
particle speed both increase (curve shifts right).

The curve becomes lower and more spread out.

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What are the units of the Boltzmann
coefficient?

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What are the units of the Boltzmann coefficient?
J/K

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The average kinetic energy of a particle
in an ideal gas is equal to what?

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The average kinetic energy of a particle in an ideal
gas is equal to what?
1.5 kT

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True or false: ‘The internal energy of an
ideal gas is proportional to absolute
temperature’

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True or false: ‘The internal energy of an ideal gas is
proportional to absolute temperature’

True.
In an ideal gas there is no ‘potential energy’
component in the internal energy. This means the
internal energy is proportional to the kinetic energy
(which is, in turn, dependent on temperature).
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