Ho Chi Minh City

University of Technology and Education

AUTOMOBILE AND EV
BATTERIES

Do Van Dung, Ass. Prof. PhD

Faculty of Vehicle Engineering
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 0903644706
 INTRODUCTION
• Why the battery in cars called: Cranking or starting battery?
• Invented in 1859 by Gaston Plante (France)
• A lead-acid storage battery is an electrochemical device that produces
voltage and delivers electrical current, mainly for cranking.
• Battery does not store electricity, but through a chemical process
electricity is produced.
 VIDEO CLIPS TO WATCH FOR BATTERY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnPRX5zQWLw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0eE_5GZZiE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxMM4g2Sk8U&t=78s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxMM4g2Sk8U
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTb3SNtwTjg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOBBwx3Cbbk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ1etjdsZAg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oh5ULFMsQHU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwB7_QnJkk0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMNMA93YsQ4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXYJ1xC10j4
• https://www.redarc.com.au/explication-alternateur-intelligent-vs-alternateur-%C3%A0-tension-fixe
 VIDEO CLIPS TO WATCH FOR EVB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXyK083QCZA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewcWN-rHQ6Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSL_935l568
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQV3D8F6gvw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWYtq0hxhQg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BasO1xLVlw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5GGCVIEYts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SAxXUIre28
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FdlQdi9_L0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcRAEAtRlFE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM1wTNQERAU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pz5LxiEndA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi9A_NOD0Aw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSLo1rAx5x4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxMM4g2Sk8U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xm2rLlJeg4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvGB4ZyMvBU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2xOcFAyHXs
4
https://e-lyte-innovations.de/knowledge/working-principle-lithium-ion-
battery/
 PURPOSE
 ENGINE IS OFF: battery is used to operate lighting accessories, or other
electrical systems.
 ENGINE IS STARTING: The battery is used to operate the starter motor.
 ENGINE IS RUNNING: To supply electricity to load in overload case.
 BATTERY CONSTRUCTION
An car battery contains a diluted sulfuric acid electrolyte
and positive and negative electrodes, in the form of
several plates.
 PLATES
Battery plates are constructed of a lead alloy
containing a percentage of either Antimony or Calcium.

The grid provides the necessary

framework for active material to be
pasted onto the plate.

The active material on a charged

positive plate is Lead Dioxide (PbO2),
the active material on a charged
negative plate is a Sponge Lead (Pb).
 CELL ELEMENTS
Positive plates and negative plates are each connected together by
separate plate straps.
Grouping the plates in this way serves to enlarge the surface area between
the active materials and the electrolyte.

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 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ELECTROLYTE

Electrolyte in a charged battery is stronger and heavier than

electrolyte in a discharged battery.
The specific gravity of water is 1.000, and the specific gravity of
sulfuric acid is 1.835, which means the acid is 1.835 times heavier
than the water.

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 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O

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 ELECTROLYTE
Battery electrolyte is a mixture of 36% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and
64% distilled water (H20).
Batteries today have an electrolyte with a specific gravity of
1.270 (at 200C) when fully charged.

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 ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES
The cycle of discharging and charging is repeated continuously
and is called “Battery Cycling”

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 CHARGING PROCESS
• There are 2 kinds of charging: constant voltage and constant current
• Read more at: https://circuitglobe.com/lead-acid-battery-charging-methods.html
DISCHARGING PROCESSES
BATTERY’S CHARGING
CHARACTERISTICS

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BATTERY’S DISCHARGING & CHARGING
CHARACTERISTICS

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BATTERY’S CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS
WITH CONSTANT CURRENT

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 BATTERY PARAMETERS

Capacity: A.h
Voltage: depend on discharged rate.12.6V.
Peukert law: C=Ikt
Reserve capacity: This is quoted as a time in
minutes for which the battery will supply 25 A at
5°C to a final voltage of 1.75V per cell.
CCA (Cold Cranking Amps): 170A means that
he battery will supply this current for one
minute at a temperature of -18°C, at which point
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he cell voltage will fall to 1.4 V

PEUKERT CURVE

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 SELF DISCHARGE RATE
 Self-discharge is a phenomenon in which internal chemical reactions reduce the
stored charge of the battery.
 Self-discharge is dependent on the type of battery, state of charge, charging current,
ambient temperature and other factors.
 Self-discharge is a chemical reaction, a closed-circuit discharge, occur more quickly
at higher temperatures.
 EV BATTERIES
An electric-vehicle battery (EVB, traction battery) is
used to power the electric motors of EV or hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV). These batteries are usually rechargeable,
are typically lithium-ion batteries with high A.h (kW.h)
capacity.
EVB are characterized by relatively high power-to-weight
ratio, specific energy and energy density; smaller, lighter.
The most common battery type in modern electric
vehicles are lithium-ion and lithium polymer.

The amount of electricity stored in batteries is measured

in ampere hours or in coulombs, with the total energy
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 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES EV
ADVANTAGES
- Reduce dependences on oil and gasoline.
-Energy efficient
-Pollutant and noise free
-Recyclable batteries.
-No fire hazard.
-Low maintenance and operation cost
DISADVANTAGES
•More expensive
•Less distance
•Long charging
•Charging stations 22
RESEARCH TOPICS IN ELECTRIC
VEHICLES

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EV BATTERY

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BATTERY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

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EVB WORKING PRINCIPLE

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 EV LITHIUM ION BATTERY PARAMETERS

VOLTAGE: 200-800V
Tesla S (2012): 375V, 16 modules, 444 cells
in 1 module. Tesla S 2016: 400V, Tesla
2021 Plaid: 450V (837km)
Number of cells: Tesla S: 8.256 cells,
Tesla 3: 2.976 cells.
Capacity: 20kWh -100kWh
Tesla S Long range: 100kWh, Tesla S,X
Plaid: 110kWh, Tesla 3 Standard Range:
55kWH, Tesla 3 Long Range: 83kWh Tesla Y:
75kWh,Hyundai Kona: 356V, 64kWh, 27

Hyundai IONIG 6: 800V, 80kWh, Mercedes

BMS – BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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EV CONSTRUCTION

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EVB

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EVB

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EVB WORKING PRINCIPLE

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EVB WORKING PRINCIPLE

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BMS – BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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12V LEAD ACID BATTERY IN EV

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EVB CHARGER

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EV WIRELESS CHARGING PRINCIPLE
EVB WIRELESSCHARGER

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 HOMEWORKS AND TASKS
1. Comparison between lead acid battery, lithium-ion battery, solid state
battery.
2. Batteries for EV (Electric vehicles)
3. Study on automatic battery charging control systems
4. Study on pulse current charging for battery
5. Research on fuel cells using for EV
6. Wireless charger for vehicle battery
7. Design a Jump Starter
8. Develop the solar energy charger for car batteries
9. New battery technologies
10. Ultra-capacitors and application for vehicles
 HOMEWORKS AND TASKS
11. Charging stations for EV
12. Charging levels of EV batteries
13. EV battery management systems
14. Self discharge of batteries and method to its reduction
15. Design an IoT device to monitor car battery’s status (project)
16. Environment impacts of batteries and recycling
17. Temperature effects on lead acid and lithium ion batteries and control
methods
18. Fast and super fast charging for EV
19. Design and manufacture a motorcycle super-capacitor starting system
20. EV Battery Swapping and swapping station
21- EV charging ecosystem.