DATA COMMUNICATION

AND

NETWORKING
( 07CS51 )

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Multiplexing
one of the main challenges of electronic communications has been and will be .
the wise use of available / limited / precious resource :

i.e. bandwidths of communication links goal of multiplexing : efficiency - combining several channels into one
a link can be shared whenever the bandwidth of the medium is greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices
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Multiplexing
Multiplexing : set of techniques that allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link
an efficient method that allows maximization of utilization of bandwidth

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n lines share the bandwidth of one link

Multiplexing
Multiplexing techniques : FDM WDM TDM

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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) analog technique
used when the available bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted

method : signals generated by each sending device

modulated signals are combined into a single composite signal that can be transported on the link
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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM)
one link - many channels

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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM)

sometimes, channels are separated by slots of unused bandwidth.. to ensure carrier frequencies do not interfere i.e. to prevent signals from overlapping these slots are called guard bands
carrier frequencies must also not interfere with the original data frequencies
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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) Example BF4e6.1

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Multiplexing of 3 voice channels of 4 KHz bandwidth each onto a link with bandwidth range 24 - 32 KHz without guard band
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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) Example BF4e6.2 Five channels each with 100 KHz bandwidth are to me multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the channels to prevent interference ?
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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) Example BF4e6.2

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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) Example BF4e6.6.13

Ten voice channels of bandwidth 4 KHz each are required to be multiplexed using FDM. Guard bands of width 500 Hz each are used. Calculate the required bandwidth.

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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) Example BF4e6.6.13

Bandwidth
= (4 x 10 KHz) + (9 x 500 Hz)

= 44.5 KHz

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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) Demultiplexing

uses a series of filters to decompose the multiplexed signal to its constituents individual signals are demodulated to separate the carrier
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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) The Analog Carrier System

Telephone companies multiplex signals from lowerbandwidth lines onto higherbandwidth lines to maximize the efficiency of their infrastructure
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Analog hierarchy

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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) The Analog Carrier System maximization of efficiency of infrastructure
multiplexing of signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher bandwidth lines

Analog hierarchy : 12 voice channels are multiplexed onto a higher bandwidth line to create a group 5 groups super group 10 super groups master group 6 master groups jumbo group
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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) Example BF4e6.6.15 In the analog hierarchy shown, find the overhead in each hierarchy level.

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Multiplexing
Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM) Example BF4e6.6.15 (a) Group level: 0 Hz (b) Supergroup level: 0 Hz (c) Master group: overhead = 2520 KHz (10 240 KHz) = = 120 KHz (d) Jumbo Group: overhead = 16.984 MHz (6 2.52 MHz) = 1.864 MHz
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Multiplexing
Wavelength - Division Multiplexing (WDM) is designed to use the high - data - rate capability of fiber-optic (OFC) cable conceptually same as FDM uses optical signals (very high frequencies) transmitted through fibre-optic channels

combination of optic signals

Multiplexing
Wavelength - Division Multiplexing (WDM) combining of multiple light sources into one single light at the multiplexer .. and splitting at the demultiplexer is accomplished using prisms bending of light depends on angle of incidence and wavelength

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Data Communication & Networking

End of Class - 15 10.10.2011

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) digital method
allows several connections (low - rate) to share a high bandwidth (high - rate) of a link

sharing is based on each connection occupying a portion of time in the link

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM)

two schemes : synchronous TDM statistical TDM

Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : time slots and frames unit : can be one bit, one character or one block of data data flow of each input connection is divided into units each input occupies one input time slot
after multiplexing : each input unit becomes one output unit
one output unit occupies one output time slot duration of an output slot is n times shorter than the duration of an input time slot
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( n denotes the number of connections)

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : time slots and frames a round of data units from each input connection is collected into a frame for n connections, a frame is divided into n time slots ... one slot is allocated for each unit i.e. one for each input line if the duration of the input unit is T, the duration of each slot is (T n) duration of each frame is T
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : time slots and frames let the input time slot be T seconds the output time slot will be (T n) seconds

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a combination of data units from each input connection is called a frame 25

Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : Example BF4e6.6

given : unit of data in the above example = 1 bit

input bit duration ? = 1 / 1 Mbps = 1 sec output bit duration ? = 1 / 4 x 1 = 0.25 sec output bit rate ? = 1 / 0.25 sec = 4 Mbps frame rate? = input rate = 106 frames / sec
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : empty slots

if the source does not have data to send, the corresponding slot in the output is empty reduced efficiency
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : data rate management so far, it has been seen that the data rate of all input lines were same how to handle the situation if the input data rates are different on different lines ? three strategies : multilevel multiplexing multiple-slot allocation pulse stuffing
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : data rate management Multilevel multiplexing used when data rate of an input line is a fraction of others

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : data rate management Multi-slot allocation used when data rate of an input line is a multiple of others allot more than one slot in a frame to a single input line
serial to parallel converter

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : data rate management Pulse stuffing (or bit padding or bit stuffing) used when data rate of sources are not multiple integers of each other highest rate = dominant data rate (50 Kbps)

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add dummy bits to the input lines with lower data rates

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
lack of synchronization between multiplexer and demultiplexer can result in

a bit belonging to one channel being received by a wrong channel to overcome this, one or more sync bits, called framing bits, are added at the beginning of each frame
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization

framing bits are added according to a pattern

usually 1 bit per frame, alternating between 0 and 1

Data Communication & Networking

End of Class - 16 10.10.2011

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
Example
BF4e6.10

Given : 4 sources, each creating 250 characters per second Multiplexing done at character-level 1 sync bit is added to each frame

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
Example
BF4e6.10

Given :
(a) data rate of each source = 250 x 8 = 2 Kbps (b) duration of character = (1 / 250) = 4 msec (c) each frame comprises one character from each source frame rate = 250 frames per sec (d) duration of each frame = 4 msec (e) size of each frame = (4 x 8) + 1 = 33 bits
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
Example
BF4e6.6.17

20 digital sources each of 100 Kbps are combined using synchronous TDM. Each output slot carries 2 bits from each digital source. One extra sync bit is added to each frame.
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
Example
BF4e6.6.17

(a) What is the size of an output frame in bits ? (b) What is the output frame rate ? (c) What is the duration of an output frame ? (d) What is the output data rate ?

(e) What is the efficiency (ratio of useful

Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
Example
BF4e6.6.17

(a) Frame size = (20 2) + 1 = 41 bits. (b) Frame rate = 20 x 100 x 1000 / 2 = 106 fr / sec (c) Frame duration = 1 / (frame rate) = 1 /106 = 1 s (d) Data rate = (106 frames /s) (41 bits/frame)

= 41 Mbps
(e) Efficiency = 40 / 41= 97.5%
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
Example
BF4e6.6.21

2 channels, one with a bit rate of 190 Kbps and the other with a bit rate of 180 Kbps are to be multiplexed with no sync bits.

Answer the following questions :

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
Example
BF4e6.6.21

(a) What is the size of frame in bits ? (b) What is the frame rate ? (c) What is the duration of frame ? (d) What is the data rate ?
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM : frame synchronization
Example
BF4e6.6.21

(a) 2 bits (b) 190,000 frames per second

(c) 5.26 micro seconds

Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Digital Signal (DS) Service / Hierarchy
(96 x 64 Kbps) + 168 Kbps O/H (672 x 64 Kbps) + 1368 Kbps O/H

T- 1

T- 2

T- 3

(24 x 64 Kbps) + 8 Kbps O/H

T- 4
(4032 x 64 Kbps) + 16.128 Mbps O/H 46

DS-0 to DS-4 are names of services; T-1 to T- 4 are T lines used for implementation

Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Digital Signal (DS) Service / Hierarchy

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) T Lines used for Analog Transmission analog signals are first sampled and then TDM is used

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) T - 1 frame frame size = (24 slots x 8 bits) + 1 sync bit
T-1 line carries 8000 frames data rate = 8000 x 193 = 1.544 Mbps

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) E lines European version of T lines conceptually same; capacities differ

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous TDM features :
each input connection is allotted an output even if it is not sending data

synchronization and pre - assigned relationships exist between inputs and outputs destination addressing is not required

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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Statistical TDM features :

transmission capacity of the link will be shared by only those users who have data to be sent a communication channel is divided into an arbitrary number of variable bit-rate digital channels or data streams
link sharing is adapted to the instantaneous traffic demands of the data streams that are transferred over each channel
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Statistical TDM features : there are no pre assigned or reserved slots there is no fixed relationship between inputs and outputs address of the receiver needs to be included in each slot to indicate where it has to be delivered no need to have synchronization bits
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Multiplexing
Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM) Statistical TDM :

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Data Communication & Networking

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